Standard Deviation in the Business World Essay Example for Free

Standard Deviation in the Business World Essay Abstract On Standard Deviations in Job Performance The purpose of this study was to compare the expected payoffs from personnel programs based on standard deviation of job performances in dollars, the Global Estimation model, and the CREPID procedure. The study was done for route salesmen of a large soft drink bottling company. The Global Estimation model and the CREPID procedure were behaviorally based, where the standard deviation of job performance was based on cost accounting data. The research study was based on whether selecting certain methods of behaviors for route salesmen would influence the expected monetary outcome of the selected behavior. The results could then be listed by the dollar payoff of the selected behavior. The hypothesis of the study was that using the standard deviation model would produce results that would measure cost accounting behavioral outcomes. There were three different methods used to gather information within the study. The Global Estimation model included using a questionnaire-based survey that would rate the value of a route salesman’s job performance. The CREPID procedure had two raters evaluating the salesman’s performance. The cost accounting method used sales records and performance results records to evaluate based on previous sales and delivery. The results of the study showed that the older, more experienced route salesmen had more influence on results than using any standard deviation cost accounting estimates of possible results. The Global Estimation method produced results similar to the standard deviation model showing that most of the dollar improvements were more directly related to the route salesmen and not the results of changing methodology. The CREPID method was found to be too subjective to be effective in this study. In striving to produce results that would establish job performance as a cost object, it failed to consider the personnel factor. The human resource of influence will skew any study because an objective measure of standard deviation of accounting dollars in job performance has not been established.

The Peoples Princess Essay examples -- essays research papers

Diana Frances Spencer was born on July 1, 1961 in Sandringham, Norfolk. Her parents, John and Frances Spencer, were hoping for a boy to carry on the Spencer name. It took them nearly a week to come up with a name for the baby girl. Eighteen months earlier, her mother had giver birth to a baby boy, but he was so sick that he only survived for ten hours. Lady Frances, twenty three at the time, was sent to many specialists to find out the reason why she could not have a little boy. Three years after Diana was born, Lady Frances gave birth to a healthy baby boy, Charles. Diana had been christened in Sandringham Church with well-to-do commoners for godparents. Charles, on the other hand, was christened in Westminster Abbey with the Queen of England as his godparent. As a child, Diana spent most of her time playing outside. Close to her home were many woods, horse stables, and they owned a heated swimming pool. The woods were filled with rabbits, foxes, deer, and other animals. As she grew older, she also grew a great love for animals. She also had a love for children. At age eighteen, she became a teachers assistant. She taught dance, drawing, and painting to kindergarten students. When she was six years old, her mother left her father for another man. She went between her mother's townhouse and her father's country estates. Both parents got re-married, so she had two step-parents to please. Because of Diana's royal background, she earned an invitation to Prince Charles's thirtieth birthday party. This is were the two met for the first time. There were hundreds of people at the party, but Charles couldn't take his eyes off of Diana. A few months later, the two became a couple. "The news about Charles and Diana's love soon spread. The shy young teacher's aide quickly became famous. Everyone wanted to know if the Prince had finally found his Princess. "The answer came in February 1981. Prince Charles asked Lady Diana to be his wife. Blushing with happiness, Diana accepted. The fairy tale had begun-and Diana's life would never be the same."1 During their engagement, Diana frequently visited Buckingham Palace, and the Queen of England for roya... ...imply immersed by duty and tradition but can sing openly as you planned. We fully respect the heritage into which they have both been born, and will always respect and encourage them in their royal role. But we, like you, recognize the need for them to experience as many different aspects of life as possible, to arm them spiritually and emotionally for the years ahead. I know you would have expected nothing less from us. William and Harry, we all care desperately for you today. We are all chewed up with sadness at the loss of a woman who wasn't even our mother. How great your suffering is we cannot even imagine. I would like to end by thanking God for the small mercies he has shown us at this dreadful time; for taking Diana at her most beautiful and radiant and when she had so much joy in her private life. Above all, we give thanks for the life of a woman I am so proud to be able to call my sister: the unique, the complex, the extraordinary and irreplaceable Diana, whose beauty, both internal and external, will never be extinguished from our minds."

Anti Terrorism

Philosophical arguments Retribution Supporters of the death penalty argued that death penalty is morally justified when applied in murder especially with aggravating elements such as multiple homicide, child murder, torture murder and mass killing such as [terrorism], massacre, or genocide. Some even argue that not applying death penalty in latter cases is patently unjust. This argument is strongly defended by New York law professor Robert Blecker [4], who says that the punishment must be painful in proportion to the crime.It would be unfair that those who have committed these horrible crimes stay alive, even incarcerated. Abolitionists argue that retribution is simply revenge and cannot be condoned. Others while accepting retribution as an element of criminal justice nonetheless argue that life without parole is a sufficient substitute. Human rights Abolitionists believe capital punishment is the worst violation of human rights, because the right to life is the most important, and j udicial execution violates it without necessity and inflicts to the condemned a psychological torture.Albert Camus wrote in a 1956 book called â€Å"Reflections on the Guillotine, Resistance, Rebellion & Death†: An execution is not simply death. It is just as different from the privation of life as a concentration camp is from prison. [†¦ ] For there to be an equivalency, the death penalty would have to punish a criminal who had warned his victim of the date at which he would inflict a horrible death on him and who, from that moment onward, had confined him at his mercy for months. Such a monster is not encountered in private life. 5] This view contradicts classic natural rights doctrine, which stresses that the right to life can be forfeited by grave misbehavior. [3] Practical arguments Wrongful execution Main article: Wrongful execution Capital punishment is often opposed on the grounds that innocent people will inevitably be executed. Supporters of capital punishment object that these lives have to be weighed against the far more numerous innocent people whose lives can be saved if the murderers are deterred by the prospect of being executed. [6] Between 1973 and 2005, 123 people in 25 states were released from death row when new evidence of their innocence emerged. 7] However, statistics likely understate the actual problem of wrongful convictions because once an execution has occurred there is often insufficient motivation and finance to keep a case open, and it becomes unlikely at that point that the miscarriage of justice will ever be exposed. Another issue is the quality of the defense in a case where the accused has a public defender. The competence of the defense attorney â€Å"is a better predictor of whether or not someone will be sentenced to death than the facts of the crime†. 8] Also, improper procedure may result in unfair executions. For example, Amnesty International argues that, in Singapore, â€Å"the Misuse of Drugs Act contains a series of presumptions which shift the burden of proof from the prosecution to the accused. This conflicts with the universally guaranteed right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty†. [9] This refers to a situation when someone is being caught with drugs. In this situation, in almost any jurisdiction, the prosecution has a prima facie case. Racial and gender factors in the United StatesAfrican Americans, though they currently make up only 12 percent of the general population, have made up 41 percent of death row inmates and 34 percent of those actually executed since 1976. [10] According to Craig Rice, a black member of the Maryland state legislature: â€Å"The question is, are more people of color on death row because the system puts them there or are they committing more crimes because of unequal access to education and opportunity? The way I was raised, it was always to be held accountable for your actions. â€Å"[11] As of 2010, women account for only 1. % (55 people) of inmates on death row, with men accounting for the other 98. 3% (3206). Since 1976, only 1. 0% (12) of those executed were women. [12] Deterrence The existence of a deterrence effect is disputed. Studies-especially older ones-differ as to whether executions deter other potential criminals from committing murder or other crimes. One reason that there is no general consensus on whether or not the death penalty is a deterrent is that it is used so rarely – only about one out of every 300 murders actually results in an execution. In 2005 in the Stanford Law Review, John J.Donohue III, a law professor at Yale with a doctorate in economics, and Justin Wolfers, an economist at the University of Pennsylvania, wrote that the death penalty â€Å"†¦ is applied so rarely that the number of homicides it can plausibly have caused or deterred cannot reliably be disentangled from the large year-to-year changes in the homicide rate caused by other factors†¦ The e xisting evidence for deterrence†¦ is surprisingly fragile. † Wolfers stated, â€Å"If I was allowed 1,000 executions and 1,000 exonerations, and I was allowed to do it in a random, focused way, I could probably give you an answer. [13] Naci Mocan, an economist at Louisiana State University, authored a study that looked at all 3,054 U. S. counties over two decades, and concluded that each execution saved five lives. Mocan stated, â€Å"I personally am opposed to the death penalty†¦ But my research shows that there is a deterrent effect. â€Å"[13] Joanna M. Shepherd, a law professor at Emory with a doctorate in economics who was involved in several studies on the death penalty, stated, â€Å"I am definitely against the death penalty on lots of different grounds†¦But I do believe that people respond to incentives. † Shepherd found that the death penalty had a deterrent effect only in those states that executed at least nine people between 1977 and 1996. In the Michigan Law Review in 2005, Shepherd wrote, â€Å"Deterrence cannot be achieved with a half-hearted execution program. â€Å"[13] The question of whether or not the death penalty deters murder usually revolves around the statistical analysis. Studies have produced disputed results with disputed significance. 14] Some studies have shown a positive correlation between the death penalty and murder rates[15] – in other words, they show that where the death penalty applies, murder rates are also high. This correlation can be interpreted in either that the death penalty increases murder rates by brutalizing society, or that higher murder rates cause the state to retain or reintroduce the death penalty. However, supporters and opponents of the various statistical studies, on both sides of the issue, argue that correlation does not imply causation.The case for a large deterrent effect of capital punishment has been significantly strengthened since the 1990s, as a wave of so phisticated econometric studies have exploited a newly-available form of data, so-called panel data. [6] Most of the recent studies demonstrate statistically a deterrent effect of the death penalty. [16] However, critics claim severe methodological flaws in these studies and hold that the empirical data offer no basis for sound statistical conclusions about the deterrent effect. 17] Surveys and polls conducted in the last 15 years show that some police chiefs and others involved in law enforcement may not believe that the death penalty has any deterrent effect on individuals who commit violent crimes. In a 1995 poll of randomly selected police chiefs from across the U. S. , the officers rank the death penalty last as a way of deterring or preventing violent crimes. They ranked it behind many other forms of crime control including reducing drug abuse and use, lowering technical barriers when prosecuting, putting more officers on the streets,and making prison sentences longer.They res ponded that a better economy with more jobs would lessen crime rates more than the death penalty[18] In fact, only one percent of the police chiefs surveyed thought that the death penalty was the primary focus for reducing crime. [19] However, the police chiefs surveyed were more likely to favor capital punishment than the general population. In addition to statistical evidence, psychological studies examine whether murderers think about the consequences of their actions before they commit a crime.Most homicides are spur-of-the-moment, spontaneous, emotionally impulsive acts. Murderers do not weigh their options very carefully in this type of setting (Jackson 27). It is very doubtful that killers give much thought to punishment before they kill (Ross 41). But some say the death penalty must be enforced even if the deterrent effect is unclear, like John McAdams, who teaches political science at Marquette University : â€Å"If we execute murderers and there is in fact no deterrent ef fect, we have killed a bunch of murderers.If we fail to execute murderers, and doing so would in fact have deterred other murders, we have allowed the killing of a bunch of innocent victims. I would much rather risk the former. This, to me, is not a tough call. â€Å"[20] This may be construed as contradicting the traditional legal view of Blackstone and the 12th Century legal scholar Maimonides whose oft-cited maxim is: â€Å"It is better and more satisfactory to acquit a thousand guilty persons than to put a single innocent one to death. Maimonides argued that executing a defendant on anything less than absolute certainty would lead to a slippery slope of decreasing burdens of proof, until we would be convicting merely â€Å"according to the judge's caprice. † Caprice of various sorts are more visible now with DNA testing, and digital computer searches and discovery requirements opening DA's files. Maimonides' concern was maintaining popular respect for law, and he saw er rors of commission as much more threatening than errors of omission. [21] Cass R.Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule, both of Harvard law school, however, have argued that if there is a deterrent effect it will save innocent lives, which gives a life-life tradeoff. â€Å"The familiar problems with capital punishment—potential error, irreversibility, arbitrariness, and racial skew—do not argue in favor of abolition, because the world of homicide suffers from those same problems in even more acute form. † They conclude that â€Å"a serious commitment to the sanctity of human life may well compel, rather than forbid, that form of punishment. â€Å"[6] Use of the death penalty on plea bargainSupporters of the death penalty, especially those who do not believe in the deterrent effect of the death penalty, say the threat of the death penalty could be used to urge capital defendants to plead guilty, testify against accomplices, or disclose the location of the victim's body. Norman Frink, a senior deputy district attorney in the state of Oregon, considers capital punishment a valuable tool for prosecutors. The threat of death leads defendants to enter plea deals for life without parole or life with a minimum of 30 years—-the two other penalties, besides death, that Oregon allows for aggravated murder. 22] In a plea agreement reached with Washington state prosecutors, Gary Ridgway, a Seattle-area man who admitted to 48 murders since 1982 accepted a sentence of life in prison without parole. Prosecutors spared Ridgway from execution in exchange for his cooperation in leading police to the remains of still-missing victims. [23][24][25] Cost Recent studies show that executing a criminal costs more than life imprisonment does. Many states have found it cheaper to sentence criminals to life in prison than to go through the time-consuming and bureaucratic process of executing a convicted criminal.Donald McCartin, an Orange County, California Jurist fam ous for sending nine men to death row during his career, has said, â€Å"It's 10 times more expensive to kill [criminals] than to keep them alive. † [26] This exclamation is actually low according to a June 2011 study by former death penalty prosecutor and federal judge Arthur L. Alarcon, and law professor Paula Mitchell. According to Alarcon and Mitchell, California has spent $4 billion on the death penalty since 1978, and death penalty trials are 20 times more expensive than trials seeking a sentence of life in prison without possibility of parole. 27] Death penalty proponents disagree, saying the study claiming the costs of the death penalty outweigh implementing life without parole is prepared by an anti-death penalty. [28] When califonians voters voted in 2012 about proposition 34, which aimed to abolish the death penalty, the cost was the main argument of proponents of the proposition in theirs TV ads, and was also written on the ballot. The argument may have convinced some death penalty supporters, but the proposition was rejeted with 53% of the vote against it

The Great Depression And Great Recession Essay - 1700 Words

The Great Depression and Great Recession were two unique events that had monumental impact on the economy. Both had similarities, and differences that made them unique. The Great Depression was caused by people living on credit, and when it was time to pay they didn’t have the money, this happened on a wide spread scale. The crashing of the stock market was what officially started the Great Depression in 1929. The great recession was caused by subprime mortgages as well, as risk taking by financial institutions. Much like the depression people were living over their heads, and when it was time to pay their bills they were unable to. Both the Great Depression and Great Recession were brought on by bubbles, for the Great Depression it was the stock market bubble, for the Great Recession it was the housing bubble. The time period before The Great Depression was known as the roaring twenties. The roaring twenties is known as a period of economic success in the United States. Due to the accessibility to credit people were now able to afford new items and products, the most notable were automobiles due to mass production, prices cheapened and with credit people were more likely to buy luxury items like these. Not only were people buying new goods and services, they were now investing in the stock market, some on credit and times seemed like they would never go bad. This was obviously not the case as the twenties went on people began to fall behind on their payments. During theShow MoreRelatedGreat Recession And The Great Depression906 Words   |  4 PagesGREAT ECONOMIC TIMES IN AMERICA The Great Recession and the Great Depression are the fallout of the exact same economic problems and are only different in a few respects. Each period is marked by a massive run ups in asset prices followed by a crash in the stock market and sent both debt and equity markets down. These periods are said to be the worse economic downturn in the country’s history. During the great depression, as banks failed and threatened to shut down the financial system altogetherRead MoreGreat Depression And The Great Recession864 Words   |  4 PagesThe â€Å"Great Depression† and the â€Å"Great Recession† are two of the darkest times in American history. There is much debate about the cause of the Great Depression and how it differed from the cause of the Great Recession. Many people believe that the stock market crash of 1929 played a major role the Great Depression. On the other hand, the stock market crash of 2008 drove America into the Great Recession. The causes of st ock market crashes are often unforeseen, but many have detectable indicators.Read MoreThe Great Depression and the Great Recession2123 Words   |  9 Pages Economic depression is a state of the economy resulting from an extended period of negative economic activity as measured by GDP .The great economic depression of the US from 1929-1939 was one of the worst economic depressions in the world economy. The GDP per capita of the United States fell by a third (Federico 2005). A lot of economic activities went down and so many people suffered. Even though the depression affect the rest of the world, it has been called the great depression of the US becauseRead MoreThe Great Depression And Recession952 Words   |  4 Pages Thank you for providing students the opportunity to explore their perspectives. In this reflection paper, I will summarize my comprehension of the Great Depression and Recession, react to readings and lectures and share my views of a remarkable article that I recently read. In today’s fast-paced world, students, similar to many Americans, do not have enough time in a day to notice the intensity of the economy in their ultimate satisfaction, happiness, and overall well-being. Thus, America’sRead MoreCauses Of The Great Depression And The Great Recession2292 Words   |  10 Pages1. Examine the causes of the Great Depression of the 1930s and consider what similarities and differences can be drawn with the problems from the financial and economic crisis which began in 2008. Introduction 2007-2009 in America has often been described as the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression in 1929. There was lots of debate whether the economy was slipping back to double dip recession but there is considerable evidence that the economic crisis in 2008 is worse than the crisisRead MoreSimilarities Between the Great Depression and the Great Recession959 Words   |  4 Pagesconsider the history of the market and the causes of the problem. And after a solution is formulated, one must present an idea for prevention of the problem for the future. Many people see similarities between The Great Depression in the late 1920s to the late 1930s. The Great Depression was caused by the Stock Market Crash of 1929. Leading up to the crash was The Roaring Twenties. It was right after World War I. The United States economy was stimulated by producing things for the war. People seemedRead MoreThe Parallels Between The Great Depression And Great Recession1958 Words   |  8 Pages The two worst crises in history EQ: What are the parallels between the Great Depression and Great Recession? How can we prevent this economic catastrophes to happen again? Mr. Smith after looking for the last time at what was left of his investing, stood up from the black chair in his office and started walking toward the windows, He couldn’t live with this, a man who had always won during his entire life, a man who had always been successful, a man whoRead MoreThe Great Depression of 1929 vs. the Great Recession of 20082799 Words   |  12 PagesThe Great Depression of 1929 Vs. The Great Recession of 2008 In America there have been great economic struggles and triumphs. The many great leaders of this country have foraged, failed, and overcome some very difficult times. Comparing the Great Depression of 1929 and the Great Recession of 2008 has revealed similarities that by learning from our mistakes in 1929 could have prevented the latest recession. I will discuss the causes of the Great Depression and the Great Recession, and what policiesRead MoreComparing Recession to Great Depression Essay3134 Words   |  13 PagesResearch Paper. The Great Depression was a harsh global economic depression in the decade prior World War II. The Great Depression, while it happened far before the â€Å"Great Recession† of 2008, it can be greatly compared. During the Great Depression, all income, tax revenue, and prices dropped. International trade decreased by more than 50%, and U.S. unemployment climbed to just above 25%. Industrial cities like Detroit and Pittsburgh took the heaviest hits. While the recession of 2008 was not as drasticRead MoreThe Worst Recession Since The Great Depression1347 Words   |  6 PagesWhere do you begin with covering one of the greatest economic crash of our time, and the worst recession since the Great Depression? Michael Lewis takes us to the very beginning, covering the story of how cynical mortgage brokers and CDO managers were playing fraudulent roulette. A rigged system that was doomed from the beginning but that very well needed every piece to be in place for 2008 to happen. Credit rating agencies SP and Moody’s had to be completely oblivious in properly rating the CDO

From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing - 3920 Words

28 September 2011 From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing Towards a paradigm shift in marketing Prepared by: Mai Hamed Shady Marzouk Presented to: Dr. Mariam Abo youssef Table of Contents Introduction 3 Marketing Mix 4 The problem with the Marketing Mix 7 The Nature of the Marketing Mix 8 What is the History of the Marketing Mix? 9 Contemporary Theories of Marketing 11 The New Approaches and the Marketing Mix 12 The Future: The Relationship Marketing Concept 13 Relationship Marketing 14 Is There a Paradigm Shift in Marketing? 14 Conclusion 15 References 16 Introduction This report discusses how the marketing mix management paradigm has dominated the marketing thought, research and practice†¦show more content†¦From the perspective of production development, it is frequently stated that cultural expressions need to find their market in order to survive, but it is also the case that the sacrificing of cultural content with little market value lowers the value of cultural production overall. From the perspective of rights to and processes of identity construction, culture generates services that cannot be governed exclusively by the market, especially in view of the marginality of subaltern groups. Nevertheless, it is almost impossible to think of cultural practices and consumption today without involving the market in some way. For marketers in the cultural industry it is important to identify the factors influencing consumers’ purchasing. Cultural factors are essentially important in selection of the two elements of place and product. For example, someone brought up in an environment that values art would be more likely to buy artistic products. Even it may be important considering customers in terms of their sub-culture. One may be surrounded by people who not only value art but place a higher priority on paintings as opposed to the music. As a result, they will be more likely to buy paintings rather than musical instrument. Pricing the artistic products and activities should also follow a logic trend. This practice may be done through some standardsShow MoreRelatedNeil Borden and The Concept of Marketing Mix Essay example677 Words   |  3 PagesWhen talking about marketing the idea that just comes to mind is a program designed to sell product or simply advertise and no wonder we been bombarded with a lots of different advertising trying to sell something. (Armstrong and Kotler, 2007) But what is marketing? According (Meldrum and McDonald, 2007), marketing can be defined as â€Å"the way in which an organisation matches its human, financial and physical resources with the wants and needs of its customers† but (Ebert and Griffin, 2013) also definedRead MoreMarketing Mix : A Business Tool1726 Words   |  7 PagesThe term ‘Marketing mix’ is said to have first been used by Borden (1965). The term ‘Marketing mix’ was derived from the lone P (price) of microeconomic theory (Chong, 2003). The marketing mix is a business tool often used in marketing and by marketers. The marketing mix is important when trying to determine a product or brand s offer, and is often identified with the four P’s which are; price, place, promotion and product (McCarthy, 1964). Kent (1986) describes the four P’s as â€Å"the holy quadrupleRead MoreThe Marketing Mix Of Borden1483 Words   |  6 PagesThe marketing mix was claimed to be introduced by Borden (1965) by hi mself and was suggested to him by Culliton (1948) as he described the action of a business decision-making as â€Å"mixer of ingredient†. The marketing mix is known to be a business tool to most, which needs to be taken under consideration in order for the business to be successful. The marketing mix was first originated from the single P, which was â€Å"Price† from the microeconomics theory (Chong 2003). Due to competiveness, new P’s wereRead MoreCritical Evaluation of the Marketing Mix1115 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Evaluation of the Marketing Mix â€Å"The Marketing Mix is a combination of Product, Price, Place and Promotion (The four P’s) that helps increase sales to the target market† (McCarthy, 1960 cited in Combe 2006 p126) This systematic tool is more commonly used once a business has decided on its overall competitive marketing strategy. This includes analysing marketing opportunities and selecting a target market. The development of the four P’s to the advantage of a specific business can beRead MoreThe Strategic Planning Marketing Process Essay762 Words   |  4 PagesThe Strategic Planning Marketing Process An organization must use a strategic marketing process to distribute its marketing mix resources to reach its target markets. The elements of a proper marketing mix are price, product, place, and promotion. They are the four P’s of the marketing process (Goi, 2009) Good understanding of the marketing mix is important for an organization. When a company is developing a marketing plan, it must consider each element. Just as important is an understandingRead MoreMarketing Differences Between B2C and B2B Websites1494 Words   |  6 PagesDifferences in Marketing for B2C and B2B Sites March 27, 2006 Differences in Marketing for B2C and B2B Sites Introduction Marketing in an electronic-business/commerce (e-business/e-commerce) arena today is truly no different than the ole ‘brick and mortar business. Business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) sites need to have a crafty approach to implement marketing strategies and develop an effective marketing plan to reach the intended (targeted) market. Thus, the mixingRead MoreMarketing Mix1070 Words   |  5 PagesThe marketing mix is primarily made up of four variables, and they are product, place, price, and promotion. These variables are often referred to as the four P s. Many sources often describe the marketing mix as a recipe used in developing a viable marketing strategy, with each ingredient being used different ways and at different times based on the product or service one is trying to market. This paper will utilize three sources to describe the elements of the marketing mix. It will also describeRead MoreThe Relationship Between Strategic Planning And The Mark eting Management Process759 Words   |  4 Pages MGMT 5302 – Marketing Analysis Final Exam Question #1 (6 points) Describe the relationship of strategic planning and the marketing management process. The strategic planning is a long look at the future or path of growth that the company wishes to go in. To achieve that growth or travel that path several objectives are needed to keep that company on the correct one, marketing management is a part of that process. If the market management is not adhering to the overall strategic plan of the companyRead MoreMarketing in Todays Business World Essay1087 Words   |  5 PagesWe often hear people talk about marketing and some of its functions. But what does the term ‘marketing’ actually mean? Various definitions have been suggested. In 1976, the Chartered Institute of Marketing described marketing as ‘’the management process that identifies, anticipates and satisfies customer requirements profitably’’ (Watkis 2008). This definition suggests that research is vital in determining market necessities. Marketers must be in a position to predict what future consumer needsRead MoreMarketing Communica tion998 Words   |  4 PagesMarketing communications are the means by which firms attempt to inform, persuade, and remind consumers—directly or indirectly—about the products and brands that they sell. The marketing communications mix consists of six major modes of communication. 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The Renaissance in Europe - 1068 Words

The significance of the word Renaissance is rebirth or a regeneration of a period. This period was called the Middle Ages and it began during the fourteenth century. The Renaissance was mainly characterized for the development of learning and thinking. This period also distinguished the discovery and exploration of new continents, system of astronomy, the growth of commerce, and the innovations of paper, printing, compass, art, literature, math and science. During this period, it was primarily the revival where people would learn, think, and invent new things after having a long period of cultural decline. Some of the main concepts during this time were the belief in humanism, the ravishing art that captured this age, the influence of the†¦show more content†¦The Pope, who had the responsibility of running the Catholic Church, also ruled Rome. As the power of the northern city states grew the Papacy increasingly became an international politician rather than a spiritual lead er. Nevertheless, Rome was the victim of a decline that had destroyed the ancient city during the Middle Ages which had grown once again under papal leadership during the Renaissance. Venice and Milan also grew wealthy and powerful which both had large roles in Italian politics. Venice was ruled by oligarchy in the hands of Great Council of noble families, and Milan by a strong monarchy that produced a line of powerful dukes. The art works during the Middle Ages were quite breathtaking because the artists were able to capture the period of Renaissance and incorporate it through their paintings. The arts reflected the deep interest in religion but the artist would also focus on portraits of people, landscapes or scenes of everyday life. The ending of fifteenth century there were three main artists Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti and Raphael Sanzio who enlighten their paintings and sculptures with their unique touch and own personality. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was known for the Renaissance man because of his intellectual, talent and expression of humanist values. Leonardo was not just a painter but an engineer, mathematician, inventor, architect, scientist,Show MoreRelatedRenaissance in Europe829 Words   |  4 Pagesperiod from approximately 1375 to 1527, an event known as the Renaissance took place in Europe. This was the establishment of an entirely new way of life; there was a vast reb irth of knowledge and arts which changed Europe completely. Due to events such as the rediscovery of classical works, the Black Death, the invention of the printing press, and the development of humanism, the Renaissance greatly influenced Europe on many levels. Europe gained more wealth, which led to the progression of a new focusRead MoreRenaissance In Europe851 Words   |  4 PagesThe Renaissance was a period of enlightenment influenced by classicalism, the rediscovery of greco-roman arts. It is considered the bridge between the Dark Ages and the Modern era. The movement originated in Italy, the country that would eventually become the focal point for the rebirth of Europe. Although Italy is attributed with creation of the Renaissance, its success was simply a result of its relationship with the Islamic world. The Islamic world enabled Europe’s transition from the MedievalRead MoreThe Renaissance in Europe1418 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Renaissance†, which is Fre nch for â€Å"rebirth†, perfectly describes the rebirth of art and learning that occurred in Europe between the 1400s and 1600s. During the era known as the Renaissance, Europe underwent a cultural movement in which people regained interest in the ancient cultures of Greece and Rome. A renewed interest in philosophy and human individuality lead to the development of more worldly and nonreligious focuses. Europe sought knowledge from the ancient world and moved out of the DarkRead MoreThe Renaissance: The Rebirth of Europe1245 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"The Renaissance represented a rebirth of the Aristotelian spirit. The results of that spirit are written across the next two centuries, which men describe, properly, as the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment. The results include the rise of modern science; the rise of an individualist political philosophy (the work of John Locke and others); the consequent spread of freedom across the civilized world; and the birth of the freest country in history, the United States of America. TheRead MoreMedieval Europe And The Renaissance Essay3095 Words   |  13 Pages1. Renaissance - The Renaissance was a time in which Medieval Europe transformed into more modern times. Renaissance means rebirth in French. Medieval Europe had been fragmented and feudal with an agricultural economy, and the church controlled its thought and culture. 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Assignment Wastewater Management Report †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Explain Assignment Wastewater Management Report? Answer: Introducation: The task that is contained in this assignment wastewater management report is purely original and has never been submitted or published in any other forum before. Therefore, if in any case should this authorship be found not bearing any truth, then a disciplinary action and penalties should be taken by the university policies and regulations. Background Australia stands to be one of the biggest countries around the world and besides it is one of the countries well known to be experiencing challenges related to water. It is approximated to be around 7 million square kilometers of which approximately one percentage of the total are is covered with water. Thus it is very clear that the supply of water to the residents of Australia is from either the natural bodies or rain. Moreover, the natural water bodies are not enough since the population also is getting bigger and bigger every day(Bonomo, 2002, p. 544). A solution to the scenario is wastewater treatment and recycling. Waste water treatment involves dealing with many types of wastes including domestic water, sewage waste, industrial waste, chemical wastes, and pesticides among others. Some plants have a better and efficient plan of recycling the wastewater thereby making it safe and clean for usage.one major challenge with the recycling of the wastewater is that it totally depends on the cooperation of the community(Chris Binnie, 2008, p. 321). This, therefore, calls for the winning of the public trust to ensure the success of this whole process. The wastewater treatment recycling plant basically consists of three different stages which includes; the primary treatment stage, secondary treatment stage and finally the tertiary treatment stage .the primary treatment stage involves mostly the solid objects such as wood, metal, paper among others which are eliminated through multi-stage screening process .60% of the solids get removed at this stage and consequently the BOD is reduced by approximately 30%. The process involved at this stage is screening, sedimentation, grit removal and finally flocculation(D. G. Rao, 2012, p. 785). The second stage is the secondary treatments stage which comprises of organic treatment thereby eliminating the organic compounds. It involves both bacterial decomposition and the conversion of the organic compounds into carbon IV oxide. The decomposition is aided through the anaerobic process. Finally, the tertiary treatment process is concerned with the removal of approximately 99% of the pollutants thereby increasing the quality of the treated water. This process involves the reverse osmosis techniques, ultrafiltration and finally microfiltration. Also, the disinfection is done at this stage. These techniques even though they are expensive, they determine the overall quality of the resulting water(Dietrich Borchardt, 2013, p. 674). Wastewater Treatment Plant Description of Wastewater Treatment Plant in Malabar The plant at Malabar is one of the largest wastewater treatment plants in the greater Sydney, Illawarra, and the Blue Mountain regions. Situated along the southern coastline, Malabar plant recycles water at approximately 627 square kilometers i.e. from Greenfield to Tasman Sea. It collects both the industrial wastes and residential sewage at a ratio of 28% and 72 % respectively and besides treats approximately 470 million liters of water daily, this amount shoots up during the wet seasons. The most challenge facing Malabar plant is the bad odor that is emanating from it which is a common complaint by the local community although there is a plan to take charge of the problem. Malabar plant wastewater treatment runs on the three stages i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary stages as discussed below(Fereidoun Ghassemi, 2007, p. 986). The primary treatment involves the separation of the larger particles. This is primarily achieved by a system of six stage screening process that comprises of different mesh size screens which separate and discard the particles regarding their sizes. The materials include plastic, metal, cotton, paper, etc. the gravel, sand and some other inorganic materials are eliminated by the use of an aerated grit allowing the wastewater to flow to the sedimentation tanks where all the solid particles settle down at the bottom(Gayathri Devi Mekala, 2008, p. 675). The solids then are further removed. Other materials that are removed are the oily materials such as the industrial oils, kitchen oils, and grease among others. After the primary treatment stage, the biological treatment follows .firstly; it is done in the absence of oxygen then later it is done aerobically. The microorganisms are used to consume the organic material and in the process decomposing them. This greatly reduces the BOD. Since the chief sources of oxygen are the nitrites, phosphates, sulfates and dissolved organic material, the anoxic treatment process is carried out in a closed chamber since it produces a bad odor(Hamidi Abdul Aziz, 2014, p. 989). The anoxic process is proceeded by the performance of the aerobic process in open tanks since the bacteria requires oxygen and also extra air for it to diffuse and mix the activated sewage and biomass into a mixed liquor. After a period of 4 to 6 hours, the concentration of oxygen is now about 2mg/Loafer aerobic process hence the mixed liquor is channeled to the clarifier for 3 hours .in the clarifier, most of the organic particles get suspended forming an activated sludge which is reused in the process(Jr, 2005, p. 975). The treated wastewater is then released into a deep ocean outfall through a large tunnel that is 3.6 kilometers long .at the discharge point, the sea is 80m deep. The disinfectant used is the salt water since most of the bacteria are not able to survive in heavy sunlight .the wastewater outfalls and their surrounding are continuously monitored by the Sydney water and the environment protection agency. During this process, the solids that are located at the sedimentation tanks are also treated in the aerobic digesters. This helps in stabilizing the process that follows into the biosolids and furthermore prevents the odor from rising into serious levels. The decomposition of anaerobic solids results into methane gas which can be beneficially used in the production of electricity and also utilization in the heat digesters(Kurbiel, 2003, p. 636). The digested solid goes into the centrifuge where excess water gets eliminated and treated with other wastewater. The dry bio can be used in farms as compost manure. Below is a schematic diagram of the flow chart Alternate Wastewater Treatment System Using MBR MBR in full means membrane bioreactor which provides high quality treated water from the effluent water. This system involves the primary process which is similar to the conventional screening and removal of grit.The difference is realized in the secondary stage where the retention of the anoxic process is reduced by an hour after which the aeration tanks is used to promote the rate of decomposition by the microorganism, and the air gets continuously bubbled. The membrane reactors play its role after the water that is contained in the aeration is released. Water is then passed through the membrane in the form of very grainy particles meaning that only the small particles can pass through the membrane .all the microorganisms are thus discarded, and 75% of the dissolved particles are removed(LO Kolarik, 2008, p. 674). The process of ultrafiltration and biological treatment for the MBR is more advanced than the conventional method of wastewater treatment. This method is effectively and efficiently used in the municipal water plants, agricultural and in industrial applications. Below is the proposed MBR system (Gayathri Devi Mekala, 2008, p. 535). The total space that is required is the addition of the reactor and clarifier space as illustrated in the below equations. BOD load = average dry weather flow * raw sewage =23 * 275 kg/day =6.325* 103 kg/day Volume of the biological reactor = BOD load * sludge yield * SRT /mlss =6325 *1*15/3500 =27108.14 m3 Aerobic reactor volume(V.K. Gupta, 2012, p. 543). =Total volume * aerobic zone SRT/SRT =27108.14*10/15 =18072.1 m3 Anoxic reactor volume =total volume total volume of the aerobic reactor =27108-18072.1 =9035.9 m3 Area of the reactor = volume / depth =27108.14/4.5 =6024 m2 Size of the clarifier Maximum wastewater flow =PWWF+RAS =3 ADWF +ADWF =4ADWF =4*23 =92 ML /day or 3833.33 m3/hr. Solids load = maximum wastewater flow * MLSS Solids load =3833.33 * 3500* =13416.65kg/h Surface area of the clarifier =solids load / (number of clarifiers *maximum loading rate) =13416.65/7*2 =958.33 m2 Total area for the activated sludge system =surface area of biological reactor + surface area of clarifier =6024+939.05 =6963.05 m2 Total area =area of clarifier + area of biological membrane Area of biological membrane = total volume /reactor depth =27107.142/4.5 =6023.80 m2 Total area = 6023.80 + 939.05 * 2 =7901.9 m2 Membrane cell size The Total area of The Membrane =PWWWF/peak flux =3*23/40 =71875 m2 The total number of membrane modules required= total membrane area /membrane module area = 71875/50 =1438 modules Number of cassettes =no of modules /modules per cassette =1438/32 =45 cassettes Membrane zone volume =volume of cassette * number of cassettes =45*4*2 =360m2 Total space required for the MBR =surface area of the biological reactor + total cassette area =1898+ 360 =2258 m2 Comparison regarding space The membrane system area = 6983 m3 whereas the membrane system =2258 m2 This shows that the space required for setting up the MBR is almost a third of the conventional system thus it occupies less space(Michigan, 2009, p. 583). Power requirement The specific oxygen rate =AOR * DO peak / (B*DO sat- DO zone) x =1.6 * 1.4*9.02 / (0.97*9.02-2)0.65 =4.61 kg O2/kg BOD The BOD load = 6325kg/load Oxygen requirement =BOD load *SOR =6325 * 4.61 =29129.80 kg O2/day =1213.74kg O2/hour The total energy requirement =1213.74/3.5 = 347 kW The specific energy = the total energy requirement /volume of bioreactor =347 /27108 =0.0128 kW/ m3 Energy requirement for MBR SOR = Real * DO sat/ (B*DOsat-DOzone) =3.89 kg O2/ kg BOD Total energy requirement =319.585/ 3.5 =91.31kW Power requirement for membrane zone =3* 2875 =862.5 kW Specific energy =total energy requirement / volume of bioreactor =91.31/ 9488 =0.0096 kW / m3 Comparison of the power requirement For the MBR treatment, the amount of energy required is lower than that of the conventional method of treatment Advantages and Limitations of MBR and the Present Wastewater Treatment System The introduction of the membrane techniques in MBR makes it more efficient than the conventional means treating wastewater. This is because the quality of the effluent is increased with the MBR method. Moreover, this method requires a less space since the later stages are not very essential thus reducing the overall cost. Also, the retention time for the wastewater is reduced plus the volumetric rate is high thereby it handles a more volume than the conventional method over the same period of operation(Partners, 2005, p. 733). The effluent that is passed through the MBR consists of fewer amounts of phosphates and suspended solids as compared to the conventional means .the major limitation of the membrane reactor is the necessity for a huge amount of pumping energy since the wastewater is passed at a very high pressure .not only there are increased costs due to the chemicals that are involved in the treatment process but also these chemicals reduces the quality of the final effluent. Moreover, regular backwashing of the membrane is required at the pores to prevent blockage. Although the backwashing often results into increasing of the pores size. On the other hand, the present treatment method requires less capital investment due to the simple process that it involves. There are no frequent expenses since the construction is always strong. Furthermore, the energy requirement is also reduced(Pawlowski, 2007, p. 183). Advantages of conventional method Reduced capital cost and production costs as compared to the MBR treatment The energy consumption in the conventional method is very low as compared to the MBR treatment method(Russell L. Culp, 2008, p. 646). The maintenance cost is low as compared to the MBR method The conventional method is simple since less automation is required(Xie, 2013, p. 442). Disadvantages The quality of the water produced is low as compared to the MBR method. There are additional costs of biosolids since there is more production of sludge. When compared to the MBR method, the conventional treatment method tends to be slower and time-consuming. It results in more carbon footprint(Amjad, 2010, p. 342). Advantages of MBR treatment This method produces water of a higher quality as compared to the conventional method There is no need for many processes as in the case of conventional method The MBR treatment method consumes a little time The problem of odor is greatly reduced with the MBR treatment This method entails a reduced concentration of BOD, bacteria and suspended solids in the effluent as compared to the conventional method. The membrane separation is dependent on the size of the membrane pores hence there is a high degree of separation. Disadvantages Both the capital cost and the maintenance cost is higher as compared to the conventional method The MBR system consumes a higher amount of energy due to automation. Moreover, this method requires regular checkups hence costly It requires skilled labor for the operation of the process. This method is accompanied with problems of surface fouling(Singh, 2006, p. 992). Drinking water supply augmentation Flow chart diagram of the conventional treatment and MBR treatment Below is the flow chart for both the conventional means of treating water and the MBR treatment methods. Conventional treatment method(Bonomo, 2002, p. 532). Proposed MBR method(Gayathri Devi Mekala, 2008, p. 535). Rationale for the chosen component The method that is used presently at Malabar for managing the wastewater and in turn producing high-quality drinking water is the conventional method. In the primary stage of the treatment process, the plant applies screening, air stripping, flocculation, grit removal, and oxidation. The impurities are after that settled down by passing the effluent through a primary clarifier. In the secondary stage, it includes the biological handling of the effluent whereby the effluent is passed through the anoxic and aerobic zone which essentially discards all the BODs. The remaining impurities are then settled in the secondary clarifier thereby allowing water to pass through into the primary filtration chamber to attain a high quality of the drinking water .it is then passed through a second filtration and also carbon filtration. The carbon filtration process involves the removal of watercolor, taste, and odor. Finally, the water is taken into the final stage that involves the disinfection by using chlorine to eliminate all the bacteria that may result into diseases(Steusloff, 2010, p. 645). The components that are selected for the conventional treatment system plays a greater role in the general coming up of the high-quality drinking water. In the primary stage, the bigger sized particles are eliminated including the suspended solids. The secondary stage ensures the aerobic and anoxic digestion which eliminates the biological and other organic impurities .finally the filtration and chlorination processes ensures that the water is made free from any bacteria that may be a causal for diseases(Steven E. Esmond, 2002, p. 330). Selection of MBR components Just like the conventional means of treating water, the primary treatment process and the clarification process eliminates the coarse particles and the BODs. In the MBR treatment, the membrane provides the biological elimination process. The membrane helps to selectively discard the solids in the water and thereby producing water of high quality.In the Malabar water treatment plant, the pore size of the membrane is approximately 2mm which discards even the tiniest impurity. The final process of disinfection is achieved through chlorination(Thomas Mitchell Schmidt, 2012, p. 846). Conclusion The selection of the treatment method to be used greatly depends on the public perception. The community is greatly concerned with the quality of the water produced. From the comparisons, between the MBR treatment method and the conventional method; the MBR method is the most recommended method to be applied as a result of high speed and quality of the water produced(Zaini Ujang, 2009, p. 555). References Amjad, Z., 2010. The Science and Technology of Industrial Water Treatment. 2nd ed. Melbourne: CRC Press. Bonomo, L., 2002. Advanced Wastewater Treatment, Recycling, and Reuse. 2nd ed. Minnesota: Pergamon Press. Chris Binnie, M. K., 2008. Water Reuse, Scientific, and Technical Report Series. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: IWA Publishing. G. Rao, R. S. J. A. B. S. F., 2012. Wastewater Treatment: Advanced Processes and Technologies. 2nd ed. new York: CRC Press, Dietrich Borchardt, R. I., 2013. Integrated Water Resources Management in a Changing World. 1st ed. Manchester: IWA Publishing, Fereidoun Ghassemi, I. W., 2007. Inter-Basin Water Transfer. 3rd ed. London: Cambridge University Press. Gayathri Devi Mekala, B. D. M. S. A.-M. B., 2008. A framework for efficient wastewater treatment and recycling systems. 2nd ed. Sydney: IWMI. Hamidi Abdul Aziz, A. M., 2014. Wastewater Engineering: Advanced Wastewater Treatment Systems. 2nd ed. Melbourne: IJSR Publications. Jr, J. J. M., 2005. Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design. 4th ed. new York: CRC Press, Kurbiel, J., 2003. Advanced Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation. 2nd ed. new York: Pergamon Press, LO Kolarik, A. P., 2008. Modern Techniques in Water and Wastewater Treatment. 2nd ed. Melbourne: Csiro Publishing, Michigan, t. U. o., 2009. Advanced wastewater treatment. 6th ed. Carlisle: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Partners, G., 2005. Engineering SoundBite: Advanced Wastewater Treatment. 3rd ed. new York: Guyer Partners. Pawlowski, L., 2007. Physicochemical Methods for Water and Wastewater Treatment. 2nd ed. Carlisle: Elsevier, Russell L. Culp, G. M. W. G. L. C., 2008. Handbook of Advanced Wastewater Treatment. 5th ed. Chicago: Van Nostrand Reinhold, Singh, R., 2006. Hybrid Membrane Systems for Water Purification. 2nd ed. Chicago: Elsevier. Steusloff, H., 2010. Integrated Water Resources Management Karlsruhe 2010:. 3rd ed. new York: KIT Scientific Publishing. Steven E. Esmond, T. A. . M. U. M. E. R. L., 2002. The removal of metals and viruses in advanced wastewater treatment sequences, Volume 1. 3rd ed. Carlisle: Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Thomas Mitchell Schmidt, M. S., 2012. Topics in Ecological and Environmental Microbiology. 2nd ed. Leicester: Academic Press. V.K. Gupta, I. A., 2012. Environmental Water: Advances in Treatment, Remediation, and Recycling. 2nd ed. Westminster: Newnes. Xie, L., 2013. Hydraulic Engineering. 2nd ed. London: CRC Press, Zaini Ujang, M. H., 2009. Environmental Biotechnology: Advancement in Water and Wastewater Application in the Tropics. 5th ed. Sydney: IWA Publishing.