From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing - 3920 Words

28 September 2011 From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing Towards a paradigm shift in marketing Prepared by: Mai Hamed Shady Marzouk Presented to: Dr. Mariam Abo youssef Table of Contents Introduction 3 Marketing Mix 4 The problem with the Marketing Mix 7 The Nature of the Marketing Mix 8 What is the History of the Marketing Mix? 9 Contemporary Theories of Marketing 11 The New Approaches and the Marketing Mix 12 The Future: The Relationship Marketing Concept 13 Relationship Marketing 14 Is There a Paradigm Shift in Marketing? 14 Conclusion 15 References 16 Introduction This report discusses how the marketing mix management paradigm has dominated the marketing thought, research and practice†¦show more content†¦From the perspective of production development, it is frequently stated that cultural expressions need to find their market in order to survive, but it is also the case that the sacrificing of cultural content with little market value lowers the value of cultural production overall. From the perspective of rights to and processes of identity construction, culture generates services that cannot be governed exclusively by the market, especially in view of the marginality of subaltern groups. Nevertheless, it is almost impossible to think of cultural practices and consumption today without involving the market in some way. For marketers in the cultural industry it is important to identify the factors influencing consumers’ purchasing. Cultural factors are essentially important in selection of the two elements of place and product. For example, someone brought up in an environment that values art would be more likely to buy artistic products. Even it may be important considering customers in terms of their sub-culture. One may be surrounded by people who not only value art but place a higher priority on paintings as opposed to the music. As a result, they will be more likely to buy paintings rather than musical instrument. Pricing the artistic products and activities should also follow a logic trend. This practice may be done through some standardsShow MoreRelatedNeil Borden and The Concept of Marketing Mix Essay example677 Words   |  3 PagesWhen talking about marketing the idea that just comes to mind is a program designed to sell product or simply advertise and no wonder we been bombarded with a lots of different advertising trying to sell something. (Armstrong and Kotler, 2007) But what is marketing? According (Meldrum and McDonald, 2007), marketing can be defined as â€Å"the way in which an organisation matches its human, financial and physical resources with the wants and needs of its customers† but (Ebert and Griffin, 2013) also definedRead MoreMarketing Mix : A Business Tool1726 Words   |  7 PagesThe term ‘Marketing mix’ is said to have first been used by Borden (1965). The term ‘Marketing mix’ was derived from the lone P (price) of microeconomic theory (Chong, 2003). The marketing mix is a business tool often used in marketing and by marketers. The marketing mix is important when trying to determine a product or brand s offer, and is often identified with the four P’s which are; price, place, promotion and product (McCarthy, 1964). Kent (1986) describes the four P’s as â€Å"the holy quadrupleRead MoreThe Marketing Mix Of Borden1483 Words   |  6 PagesThe marketing mix was claimed to be introduced by Borden (1965) by hi mself and was suggested to him by Culliton (1948) as he described the action of a business decision-making as â€Å"mixer of ingredient†. The marketing mix is known to be a business tool to most, which needs to be taken under consideration in order for the business to be successful. The marketing mix was first originated from the single P, which was â€Å"Price† from the microeconomics theory (Chong 2003). Due to competiveness, new P’s wereRead MoreCritical Evaluation of the Marketing Mix1115 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Evaluation of the Marketing Mix â€Å"The Marketing Mix is a combination of Product, Price, Place and Promotion (The four P’s) that helps increase sales to the target market† (McCarthy, 1960 cited in Combe 2006 p126) This systematic tool is more commonly used once a business has decided on its overall competitive marketing strategy. This includes analysing marketing opportunities and selecting a target market. The development of the four P’s to the advantage of a specific business can beRead MoreThe Strategic Planning Marketing Process Essay762 Words   |  4 PagesThe Strategic Planning Marketing Process An organization must use a strategic marketing process to distribute its marketing mix resources to reach its target markets. The elements of a proper marketing mix are price, product, place, and promotion. They are the four P’s of the marketing process (Goi, 2009) Good understanding of the marketing mix is important for an organization. When a company is developing a marketing plan, it must consider each element. Just as important is an understandingRead MoreMarketing Differences Between B2C and B2B Websites1494 Words   |  6 PagesDifferences in Marketing for B2C and B2B Sites March 27, 2006 Differences in Marketing for B2C and B2B Sites Introduction Marketing in an electronic-business/commerce (e-business/e-commerce) arena today is truly no different than the ole ‘brick and mortar business. Business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) sites need to have a crafty approach to implement marketing strategies and develop an effective marketing plan to reach the intended (targeted) market. Thus, the mixingRead MoreMarketing Mix1070 Words   |  5 PagesThe marketing mix is primarily made up of four variables, and they are product, place, price, and promotion. These variables are often referred to as the four P s. Many sources often describe the marketing mix as a recipe used in developing a viable marketing strategy, with each ingredient being used different ways and at different times based on the product or service one is trying to market. This paper will utilize three sources to describe the elements of the marketing mix. It will also describeRead MoreThe Relationship Between Strategic Planning And The Mark eting Management Process759 Words   |  4 Pages MGMT 5302 – Marketing Analysis Final Exam Question #1 (6 points) Describe the relationship of strategic planning and the marketing management process. The strategic planning is a long look at the future or path of growth that the company wishes to go in. To achieve that growth or travel that path several objectives are needed to keep that company on the correct one, marketing management is a part of that process. If the market management is not adhering to the overall strategic plan of the companyRead MoreMarketing in Todays Business World Essay1087 Words   |  5 PagesWe often hear people talk about marketing and some of its functions. But what does the term ‘marketing’ actually mean? Various definitions have been suggested. In 1976, the Chartered Institute of Marketing described marketing as ‘’the management process that identifies, anticipates and satisfies customer requirements profitably’’ (Watkis 2008). This definition suggests that research is vital in determining market necessities. Marketers must be in a position to predict what future consumer needsRead MoreMarketing Communica tion998 Words   |  4 PagesMarketing communications are the means by which firms attempt to inform, persuade, and remind consumers—directly or indirectly—about the products and brands that they sell. The marketing communications mix consists of six major modes of communication. List and briefly explain each using a specific product or service to illustrate their use. The chosen product for this assignment is Coca – Cola. It is a well known fizzy beverage which has been around from the eighteenth century. The primary target

The Renaissance in Europe - 1068 Words

The significance of the word Renaissance is rebirth or a regeneration of a period. This period was called the Middle Ages and it began during the fourteenth century. The Renaissance was mainly characterized for the development of learning and thinking. This period also distinguished the discovery and exploration of new continents, system of astronomy, the growth of commerce, and the innovations of paper, printing, compass, art, literature, math and science. During this period, it was primarily the revival where people would learn, think, and invent new things after having a long period of cultural decline. Some of the main concepts during this time were the belief in humanism, the ravishing art that captured this age, the influence of the†¦show more content†¦The Pope, who had the responsibility of running the Catholic Church, also ruled Rome. As the power of the northern city states grew the Papacy increasingly became an international politician rather than a spiritual lead er. Nevertheless, Rome was the victim of a decline that had destroyed the ancient city during the Middle Ages which had grown once again under papal leadership during the Renaissance. Venice and Milan also grew wealthy and powerful which both had large roles in Italian politics. Venice was ruled by oligarchy in the hands of Great Council of noble families, and Milan by a strong monarchy that produced a line of powerful dukes. The art works during the Middle Ages were quite breathtaking because the artists were able to capture the period of Renaissance and incorporate it through their paintings. The arts reflected the deep interest in religion but the artist would also focus on portraits of people, landscapes or scenes of everyday life. The ending of fifteenth century there were three main artists Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti and Raphael Sanzio who enlighten their paintings and sculptures with their unique touch and own personality. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was known for the Renaissance man because of his intellectual, talent and expression of humanist values. Leonardo was not just a painter but an engineer, mathematician, inventor, architect, scientist,Show MoreRelatedRenaissance in Europe829 Words   |  4 Pagesperiod from approximately 1375 to 1527, an event known as the Renaissance took place in Europe. This was the establishment of an entirely new way of life; there was a vast reb irth of knowledge and arts which changed Europe completely. Due to events such as the rediscovery of classical works, the Black Death, the invention of the printing press, and the development of humanism, the Renaissance greatly influenced Europe on many levels. Europe gained more wealth, which led to the progression of a new focusRead MoreRenaissance In Europe851 Words   |  4 PagesThe Renaissance was a period of enlightenment influenced by classicalism, the rediscovery of greco-roman arts. It is considered the bridge between the Dark Ages and the Modern era. The movement originated in Italy, the country that would eventually become the focal point for the rebirth of Europe. Although Italy is attributed with creation of the Renaissance, its success was simply a result of its relationship with the Islamic world. The Islamic world enabled Europe’s transition from the MedievalRead MoreThe Renaissance in Europe1418 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Renaissance†, which is Fre nch for â€Å"rebirth†, perfectly describes the rebirth of art and learning that occurred in Europe between the 1400s and 1600s. During the era known as the Renaissance, Europe underwent a cultural movement in which people regained interest in the ancient cultures of Greece and Rome. A renewed interest in philosophy and human individuality lead to the development of more worldly and nonreligious focuses. Europe sought knowledge from the ancient world and moved out of the DarkRead MoreThe Renaissance: The Rebirth of Europe1245 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"The Renaissance represented a rebirth of the Aristotelian spirit. The results of that spirit are written across the next two centuries, which men describe, properly, as the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment. The results include the rise of modern science; the rise of an individualist political philosophy (the work of John Locke and others); the consequent spread of freedom across the civilized world; and the birth of the freest country in history, the United States of America. TheRead MoreMedieval Europe And The Renaissance Essay3095 Words   |  13 Pages1. Renaissance - The Renaissance was a time in which Medieval Europe transformed into more modern times. Renaissance means rebirth in French. Medieval Europe had been fragmented and feudal with an agricultural economy, and the church controlled its thought and culture. During the Renaissance, Europe grew national consciousness and political centralization. An urban economy based on organized commerce and capitalism and a secular view on life emerged. The Renaissance showed the birth of humanism,Read More Impact Of The Renaissance in Europe Essay1139 Words   |  5 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The impact of the nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Renaissance on Europe nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Jacob Burckhardt best describes the renaissance as the prototype of the modern world, for it was the period between the fourteenth and fifteenth century in Italy, when the base of modern civilisation was formed. It was mainly through the revivalRead MoreInfluence Of The Renaissance On Modern Europe1174 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the Black Death to Napoleon, many developments and events have transpired in Europe during these years; none of which were more significant than the Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation, and the French Revolution. Of these three events, the Renaissance proved to be the most important event in shaping a modern Europe, with developments in education, class structure/order and social change issues, religion, building construction/use, Medici banking system, art and architecture, humanism, printingRead MoreCauses Of Success Of Renaissance And Western Europe2108 Words   |  9 PagesName: Class Name: Professor Name: Date: Causes of the Success of Renaissance in Western Europe The Renaissance was that time that still acts as a transition of the world from being an underdeveloped place to a place of enlightenment and knowledge. The developments made during the Renaissance in political, cultural, social, artistic, and educational arenas laid the groundwork for modern day technological and social developments. World dynamics shifted very swiftly from the Middle Ages to the ageRead MoreBlack African Of Renaissance Europe : Treatment And Impact2200 Words   |  9 PagesAfricans in Renaissance Europe: Treatment and Impact Perhaps the first people one thinks of on hearing †Renaissance Europe,† is Shakespeare or Michelangelo. Yet those well known figures who have not been lost as the wheel of time grinds forth, and who still have a great impact in the artistic world today should not be considered the only people of importance from the Renaissance. There are other figures from this time frame who have greatly impacted the European mindset during the Renaissance, breedingRead More Magnificent Minds Of The Renaissance in Europe Essay856 Words   |  4 Pages The high renaissance of the 1500s was a time of scientific, philosophic, and artistic awe and inspiration. Many new discoveries were being made in the field of science, and philosophers expressed their assumptions on the world and universe around them. In addition, many individuals were gifted with artistic dexterity and skill. The amazing achievements of Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo da Vinci are considered significant to the Ren aissance period. In this paper, the endeavors and achievements

Assignment Wastewater Management Report †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Explain Assignment Wastewater Management Report? Answer: Introducation: The task that is contained in this assignment wastewater management report is purely original and has never been submitted or published in any other forum before. Therefore, if in any case should this authorship be found not bearing any truth, then a disciplinary action and penalties should be taken by the university policies and regulations. Background Australia stands to be one of the biggest countries around the world and besides it is one of the countries well known to be experiencing challenges related to water. It is approximated to be around 7 million square kilometers of which approximately one percentage of the total are is covered with water. Thus it is very clear that the supply of water to the residents of Australia is from either the natural bodies or rain. Moreover, the natural water bodies are not enough since the population also is getting bigger and bigger every day(Bonomo, 2002, p. 544). A solution to the scenario is wastewater treatment and recycling. Waste water treatment involves dealing with many types of wastes including domestic water, sewage waste, industrial waste, chemical wastes, and pesticides among others. Some plants have a better and efficient plan of recycling the wastewater thereby making it safe and clean for usage.one major challenge with the recycling of the wastewater is that it totally depends on the cooperation of the community(Chris Binnie, 2008, p. 321). This, therefore, calls for the winning of the public trust to ensure the success of this whole process. The wastewater treatment recycling plant basically consists of three different stages which includes; the primary treatment stage, secondary treatment stage and finally the tertiary treatment stage .the primary treatment stage involves mostly the solid objects such as wood, metal, paper among others which are eliminated through multi-stage screening process .60% of the solids get removed at this stage and consequently the BOD is reduced by approximately 30%. The process involved at this stage is screening, sedimentation, grit removal and finally flocculation(D. G. Rao, 2012, p. 785). The second stage is the secondary treatments stage which comprises of organic treatment thereby eliminating the organic compounds. It involves both bacterial decomposition and the conversion of the organic compounds into carbon IV oxide. The decomposition is aided through the anaerobic process. Finally, the tertiary treatment process is concerned with the removal of approximately 99% of the pollutants thereby increasing the quality of the treated water. This process involves the reverse osmosis techniques, ultrafiltration and finally microfiltration. Also, the disinfection is done at this stage. These techniques even though they are expensive, they determine the overall quality of the resulting water(Dietrich Borchardt, 2013, p. 674). Wastewater Treatment Plant Description of Wastewater Treatment Plant in Malabar The plant at Malabar is one of the largest wastewater treatment plants in the greater Sydney, Illawarra, and the Blue Mountain regions. Situated along the southern coastline, Malabar plant recycles water at approximately 627 square kilometers i.e. from Greenfield to Tasman Sea. It collects both the industrial wastes and residential sewage at a ratio of 28% and 72 % respectively and besides treats approximately 470 million liters of water daily, this amount shoots up during the wet seasons. The most challenge facing Malabar plant is the bad odor that is emanating from it which is a common complaint by the local community although there is a plan to take charge of the problem. Malabar plant wastewater treatment runs on the three stages i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary stages as discussed below(Fereidoun Ghassemi, 2007, p. 986). The primary treatment involves the separation of the larger particles. This is primarily achieved by a system of six stage screening process that comprises of different mesh size screens which separate and discard the particles regarding their sizes. The materials include plastic, metal, cotton, paper, etc. the gravel, sand and some other inorganic materials are eliminated by the use of an aerated grit allowing the wastewater to flow to the sedimentation tanks where all the solid particles settle down at the bottom(Gayathri Devi Mekala, 2008, p. 675). The solids then are further removed. Other materials that are removed are the oily materials such as the industrial oils, kitchen oils, and grease among others. After the primary treatment stage, the biological treatment follows .firstly; it is done in the absence of oxygen then later it is done aerobically. The microorganisms are used to consume the organic material and in the process decomposing them. This greatly reduces the BOD. Since the chief sources of oxygen are the nitrites, phosphates, sulfates and dissolved organic material, the anoxic treatment process is carried out in a closed chamber since it produces a bad odor(Hamidi Abdul Aziz, 2014, p. 989). The anoxic process is proceeded by the performance of the aerobic process in open tanks since the bacteria requires oxygen and also extra air for it to diffuse and mix the activated sewage and biomass into a mixed liquor. After a period of 4 to 6 hours, the concentration of oxygen is now about 2mg/Loafer aerobic process hence the mixed liquor is channeled to the clarifier for 3 hours .in the clarifier, most of the organic particles get suspended forming an activated sludge which is reused in the process(Jr, 2005, p. 975). The treated wastewater is then released into a deep ocean outfall through a large tunnel that is 3.6 kilometers long .at the discharge point, the sea is 80m deep. The disinfectant used is the salt water since most of the bacteria are not able to survive in heavy sunlight .the wastewater outfalls and their surrounding are continuously monitored by the Sydney water and the environment protection agency. During this process, the solids that are located at the sedimentation tanks are also treated in the aerobic digesters. This helps in stabilizing the process that follows into the biosolids and furthermore prevents the odor from rising into serious levels. The decomposition of anaerobic solids results into methane gas which can be beneficially used in the production of electricity and also utilization in the heat digesters(Kurbiel, 2003, p. 636). The digested solid goes into the centrifuge where excess water gets eliminated and treated with other wastewater. The dry bio can be used in farms as compost manure. Below is a schematic diagram of the flow chart Alternate Wastewater Treatment System Using MBR MBR in full means membrane bioreactor which provides high quality treated water from the effluent water. This system involves the primary process which is similar to the conventional screening and removal of grit.The difference is realized in the secondary stage where the retention of the anoxic process is reduced by an hour after which the aeration tanks is used to promote the rate of decomposition by the microorganism, and the air gets continuously bubbled. The membrane reactors play its role after the water that is contained in the aeration is released. Water is then passed through the membrane in the form of very grainy particles meaning that only the small particles can pass through the membrane .all the microorganisms are thus discarded, and 75% of the dissolved particles are removed(LO Kolarik, 2008, p. 674). The process of ultrafiltration and biological treatment for the MBR is more advanced than the conventional method of wastewater treatment. This method is effectively and efficiently used in the municipal water plants, agricultural and in industrial applications. Below is the proposed MBR system (Gayathri Devi Mekala, 2008, p. 535). The total space that is required is the addition of the reactor and clarifier space as illustrated in the below equations. BOD load = average dry weather flow * raw sewage =23 * 275 kg/day =6.325* 103 kg/day Volume of the biological reactor = BOD load * sludge yield * SRT /mlss =6325 *1*15/3500 =27108.14 m3 Aerobic reactor volume(V.K. Gupta, 2012, p. 543). =Total volume * aerobic zone SRT/SRT =27108.14*10/15 =18072.1 m3 Anoxic reactor volume =total volume total volume of the aerobic reactor =27108-18072.1 =9035.9 m3 Area of the reactor = volume / depth =27108.14/4.5 =6024 m2 Size of the clarifier Maximum wastewater flow =PWWF+RAS =3 ADWF +ADWF =4ADWF =4*23 =92 ML /day or 3833.33 m3/hr. Solids load = maximum wastewater flow * MLSS Solids load =3833.33 * 3500* =13416.65kg/h Surface area of the clarifier =solids load / (number of clarifiers *maximum loading rate) =13416.65/7*2 =958.33 m2 Total area for the activated sludge system =surface area of biological reactor + surface area of clarifier =6024+939.05 =6963.05 m2 Total area =area of clarifier + area of biological membrane Area of biological membrane = total volume /reactor depth =27107.142/4.5 =6023.80 m2 Total area = 6023.80 + 939.05 * 2 =7901.9 m2 Membrane cell size The Total area of The Membrane =PWWWF/peak flux =3*23/40 =71875 m2 The total number of membrane modules required= total membrane area /membrane module area = 71875/50 =1438 modules Number of cassettes =no of modules /modules per cassette =1438/32 =45 cassettes Membrane zone volume =volume of cassette * number of cassettes =45*4*2 =360m2 Total space required for the MBR =surface area of the biological reactor + total cassette area =1898+ 360 =2258 m2 Comparison regarding space The membrane system area = 6983 m3 whereas the membrane system =2258 m2 This shows that the space required for setting up the MBR is almost a third of the conventional system thus it occupies less space(Michigan, 2009, p. 583). Power requirement The specific oxygen rate =AOR * DO peak / (B*DO sat- DO zone) x =1.6 * 1.4*9.02 / (0.97*9.02-2)0.65 =4.61 kg O2/kg BOD The BOD load = 6325kg/load Oxygen requirement =BOD load *SOR =6325 * 4.61 =29129.80 kg O2/day =1213.74kg O2/hour The total energy requirement =1213.74/3.5 = 347 kW The specific energy = the total energy requirement /volume of bioreactor =347 /27108 =0.0128 kW/ m3 Energy requirement for MBR SOR = Real * DO sat/ (B*DOsat-DOzone) =3.89 kg O2/ kg BOD Total energy requirement =319.585/ 3.5 =91.31kW Power requirement for membrane zone =3* 2875 =862.5 kW Specific energy =total energy requirement / volume of bioreactor =91.31/ 9488 =0.0096 kW / m3 Comparison of the power requirement For the MBR treatment, the amount of energy required is lower than that of the conventional method of treatment Advantages and Limitations of MBR and the Present Wastewater Treatment System The introduction of the membrane techniques in MBR makes it more efficient than the conventional means treating wastewater. This is because the quality of the effluent is increased with the MBR method. Moreover, this method requires a less space since the later stages are not very essential thus reducing the overall cost. Also, the retention time for the wastewater is reduced plus the volumetric rate is high thereby it handles a more volume than the conventional method over the same period of operation(Partners, 2005, p. 733). The effluent that is passed through the MBR consists of fewer amounts of phosphates and suspended solids as compared to the conventional means .the major limitation of the membrane reactor is the necessity for a huge amount of pumping energy since the wastewater is passed at a very high pressure .not only there are increased costs due to the chemicals that are involved in the treatment process but also these chemicals reduces the quality of the final effluent. Moreover, regular backwashing of the membrane is required at the pores to prevent blockage. Although the backwashing often results into increasing of the pores size. On the other hand, the present treatment method requires less capital investment due to the simple process that it involves. There are no frequent expenses since the construction is always strong. Furthermore, the energy requirement is also reduced(Pawlowski, 2007, p. 183). Advantages of conventional method Reduced capital cost and production costs as compared to the MBR treatment The energy consumption in the conventional method is very low as compared to the MBR treatment method(Russell L. Culp, 2008, p. 646). The maintenance cost is low as compared to the MBR method The conventional method is simple since less automation is required(Xie, 2013, p. 442). Disadvantages The quality of the water produced is low as compared to the MBR method. There are additional costs of biosolids since there is more production of sludge. When compared to the MBR method, the conventional treatment method tends to be slower and time-consuming. It results in more carbon footprint(Amjad, 2010, p. 342). Advantages of MBR treatment This method produces water of a higher quality as compared to the conventional method There is no need for many processes as in the case of conventional method The MBR treatment method consumes a little time The problem of odor is greatly reduced with the MBR treatment This method entails a reduced concentration of BOD, bacteria and suspended solids in the effluent as compared to the conventional method. The membrane separation is dependent on the size of the membrane pores hence there is a high degree of separation. Disadvantages Both the capital cost and the maintenance cost is higher as compared to the conventional method The MBR system consumes a higher amount of energy due to automation. Moreover, this method requires regular checkups hence costly It requires skilled labor for the operation of the process. This method is accompanied with problems of surface fouling(Singh, 2006, p. 992). Drinking water supply augmentation Flow chart diagram of the conventional treatment and MBR treatment Below is the flow chart for both the conventional means of treating water and the MBR treatment methods. Conventional treatment method(Bonomo, 2002, p. 532). Proposed MBR method(Gayathri Devi Mekala, 2008, p. 535). Rationale for the chosen component The method that is used presently at Malabar for managing the wastewater and in turn producing high-quality drinking water is the conventional method. In the primary stage of the treatment process, the plant applies screening, air stripping, flocculation, grit removal, and oxidation. The impurities are after that settled down by passing the effluent through a primary clarifier. In the secondary stage, it includes the biological handling of the effluent whereby the effluent is passed through the anoxic and aerobic zone which essentially discards all the BODs. The remaining impurities are then settled in the secondary clarifier thereby allowing water to pass through into the primary filtration chamber to attain a high quality of the drinking water .it is then passed through a second filtration and also carbon filtration. The carbon filtration process involves the removal of watercolor, taste, and odor. Finally, the water is taken into the final stage that involves the disinfection by using chlorine to eliminate all the bacteria that may result into diseases(Steusloff, 2010, p. 645). The components that are selected for the conventional treatment system plays a greater role in the general coming up of the high-quality drinking water. In the primary stage, the bigger sized particles are eliminated including the suspended solids. The secondary stage ensures the aerobic and anoxic digestion which eliminates the biological and other organic impurities .finally the filtration and chlorination processes ensures that the water is made free from any bacteria that may be a causal for diseases(Steven E. Esmond, 2002, p. 330). Selection of MBR components Just like the conventional means of treating water, the primary treatment process and the clarification process eliminates the coarse particles and the BODs. In the MBR treatment, the membrane provides the biological elimination process. The membrane helps to selectively discard the solids in the water and thereby producing water of high quality.In the Malabar water treatment plant, the pore size of the membrane is approximately 2mm which discards even the tiniest impurity. The final process of disinfection is achieved through chlorination(Thomas Mitchell Schmidt, 2012, p. 846). Conclusion The selection of the treatment method to be used greatly depends on the public perception. The community is greatly concerned with the quality of the water produced. From the comparisons, between the MBR treatment method and the conventional method; the MBR method is the most recommended method to be applied as a result of high speed and quality of the water produced(Zaini Ujang, 2009, p. 555). References Amjad, Z., 2010. The Science and Technology of Industrial Water Treatment. 2nd ed. Melbourne: CRC Press. Bonomo, L., 2002. Advanced Wastewater Treatment, Recycling, and Reuse. 2nd ed. Minnesota: Pergamon Press. Chris Binnie, M. K., 2008. Water Reuse, Scientific, and Technical Report Series. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: IWA Publishing. G. Rao, R. S. J. A. B. S. F., 2012. Wastewater Treatment: Advanced Processes and Technologies. 2nd ed. new York: CRC Press, Dietrich Borchardt, R. I., 2013. Integrated Water Resources Management in a Changing World. 1st ed. Manchester: IWA Publishing, Fereidoun Ghassemi, I. W., 2007. Inter-Basin Water Transfer. 3rd ed. London: Cambridge University Press. Gayathri Devi Mekala, B. D. M. S. A.-M. B., 2008. A framework for efficient wastewater treatment and recycling systems. 2nd ed. Sydney: IWMI. Hamidi Abdul Aziz, A. M., 2014. Wastewater Engineering: Advanced Wastewater Treatment Systems. 2nd ed. Melbourne: IJSR Publications. Jr, J. J. M., 2005. Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design. 4th ed. new York: CRC Press, Kurbiel, J., 2003. Advanced Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation. 2nd ed. new York: Pergamon Press, LO Kolarik, A. P., 2008. Modern Techniques in Water and Wastewater Treatment. 2nd ed. Melbourne: Csiro Publishing, Michigan, t. U. o., 2009. Advanced wastewater treatment. 6th ed. Carlisle: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Partners, G., 2005. Engineering SoundBite: Advanced Wastewater Treatment. 3rd ed. new York: Guyer Partners. Pawlowski, L., 2007. Physicochemical Methods for Water and Wastewater Treatment. 2nd ed. Carlisle: Elsevier, Russell L. Culp, G. M. W. G. L. C., 2008. Handbook of Advanced Wastewater Treatment. 5th ed. Chicago: Van Nostrand Reinhold, Singh, R., 2006. Hybrid Membrane Systems for Water Purification. 2nd ed. Chicago: Elsevier. Steusloff, H., 2010. Integrated Water Resources Management Karlsruhe 2010:. 3rd ed. new York: KIT Scientific Publishing. Steven E. Esmond, T. A. . M. U. M. E. R. L., 2002. The removal of metals and viruses in advanced wastewater treatment sequences, Volume 1. 3rd ed. Carlisle: Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Thomas Mitchell Schmidt, M. S., 2012. Topics in Ecological and Environmental Microbiology. 2nd ed. Leicester: Academic Press. V.K. Gupta, I. A., 2012. Environmental Water: Advances in Treatment, Remediation, and Recycling. 2nd ed. Westminster: Newnes. Xie, L., 2013. Hydraulic Engineering. 2nd ed. London: CRC Press, Zaini Ujang, M. H., 2009. Environmental Biotechnology: Advancement in Water and Wastewater Application in the Tropics. 5th ed. Sydney: IWA Publishing.

Symbolism in Lord of the Flies by William Golding

Lord of the Flies symbolism essay takes a look at imagery used by the author while creating the story. The novel was authored by William Golding, a Nobel Prize winner 1983, in literature. It was written in the early 1950s, just after World War II. However, its publication was later in 1954. The plot of the story was significantly affected by the events of the war. Golding wants to show the savage nature of the human being. He utilizes different symbols to attain his objective. Lord of the Flies Symbolism Essay The symbolism essay Lord of the Flies, reveals the different aspects of society and how we relate with one another. A look at the plot and the different themes that come out of the story have been highlighted and discussed in detail. They help us understand why the author chose to use specific symbols. Plot Summary A group of young schoolboys from Britain get stuck in a tropical island when their plane is shot down during the war. What follows is a series of events that will finally lead to fatalities. They start out working together as a team, and they even elect leaders. However, this does not last for long. When Ralph is elected leader, he makes Jack his assistant. Jack feels that Ralph is not doing a great job and wants to lead himself. He adopts a savage approach that will see him turn the group against Ralph and Piggy and finally causing death. The boys believe that there exists a beast in the island that seeks to cause them harm. This leads the group to be divided. Ralph is concerned with looking for shelter and getting help by using the fire to signal for help. Jack and the hunters, on the other hand, had become obsessed with hunting. The novel ends with Simon and Piggy dead, while Ralph is being hunted. They are eventually rescued by a naval ship. Themes As one reads the books, three themes can be identified. Lord of the Flies essay symbolism, reveals aspects that we can relate to in today's society. The individual conflict that exists between embracing our savage and civil nature; how one can easily lose their innocence and finally how it is easy to get confused between leading and controlling people. Symbolism in Lord of the Flies What is symbolism? Symbolism is described as the use of people and things in a literature piece such as a novel and poem to express ideas. Lord of the Flies symbolism essay reveals how the other has exploited the use of people and things to communicate aspects that reflect our society. Symbolism is in three different formats: It can be universal, archetype or contextual. The characters and items such as fire have been used to represent ideas the author wants to communicate. Lord of the Flies symbolism essay thesis revolves around different issues of society such as power, control, unity, technology and value of science as portrayed by Piggy and how divisive leadership can be toxic. The Conch Shell After the plane crash had separated the boys, Ralph and Piggy come across the conch shell lying on the beach and use it to call the group together. In the novel, the conch shell turns into a very prevailing symbol of civilization and order. Afterwards, the conch shell is used in meetings as a control tool for the one who is to speak, whereby, whoever holding it has the command to speak. In this instance, the conch shell graduates from being a symbol to being an instrument of democratic power and political legitimacy. The conch shell seizes being an influential and powerful symbol and instrument among the boys when the sense of civilization fades away and they resort to savagery. When Ralph is talking about his role in killing Simon, he desperately holds onto the conch shell. Later, when he tries to blow the shell in Jack's camp, the other boys don't pay attention to him and instead throw at stones at him. The remaining sense of civilization amongst the majority of the boys is shredded as Roger rolls a huge rock onto Piggy crushing the shell alongside. Piggy's Glasses The most rational and intelligent boy in the group is Piggy and a symbol of intellectual endeavor and science in the society is drawn to his glasses. At the beginning of the book, the symbolism of his glasses is highlighted when they use the lenses from his glasses was used to start a fire by focusing the rays of the sun. Ralph's group is rendered helpless when the glasses are lost in the aftermath of a raid from Jack's hunters. The Signal Fire The boys light signal fires at two different locations, first in the mountain and later on at the beach, in attempts to signal any passing ship to rescue them. In this event, the signal fire becomes a guide for their connection to civilization in Lord of the Flies fire symbolism essay. When the boys keep the signal fire from burning out, it's a sign that they really want to be rescued and returned to the society. As the fire reduces in intensity, the boys keep on getting comfortable with their savagery on the island and losing the desire to be rescued. On this accord, the signal fire becomes a scale for signifying the amount of remaining civilized instinct. Paradoxically, towards the conclusion, a ship is signaled by a fire to the island but the fire was not any of the two signal fires. The fire that signaled the ship was a savagery fire which was lit by Jack's gang in the quest for Ralph's blood. The Beast An imaginary beast representing the primal savagery instinct existing in all human beings frightens the boys. It's only Simon who realizes that they fear the beast because it exists in each one of them. As the savagery of the boys grows, so does their belief in the beast. Towards the conclusion, they are regarding it as a totemic god and leaving sacrifices for it. As evidenced in Lord of the Flies symbolism essay, their behavior tends to exhibit the image of the beast for the more savage they become the more real beast becomes as well. The Lord of the Flies The Lord of the Flies is symbolized by the bloody head of the sow that Jacks plants on a spike in the forest glade. In this Lord of the Flies symbolism essay, it is a complex symbol that turns into the most important image when a confrontation emerges with Simon. In their conversation, the head tells Simon that in every human heart lies evil. The head further promises to have fun with him as a prediction imagery of his death in the following chapter when he is attacked by Ralph and Piggy. Through the lord of the flies, the best physically manifests as a symbol of power and the devil that brings out the "beast" in every human being. Lord of the Flies symbolism essay thesis parallel contextualizes in a biblical perspective the Lord of the Flies with the devil and Simon with Jesus. On the other hand, the author infers the notion "Lord of the Flies" from the biblical inference of Beelzebub, a very powerful demon, the prince hell. Characters Lord of the Flies is a metaphorical story in which the characters represent an important theme or idea in the following manner as discussed in the essay about symbolism in lord of the flies: Ralph signifies leadership, civilization, and order. Piggy signifies the intellectual and scientific elements of civilization. Jack denotes uncontrollable savagery and thirst for power. Simon symbolizes the general goodness in humanity. Roger represents bloodlust and brutality on extreme scales. Analysis from lord of the flies essay symbolism depicts the boys' group as resembling a political state whereby the young boys are seen as the common people and the older as the leaders and ruling class. The co-existence of the group highlights the connection of the older boys to either the savage or civilized instinct. Ralph and Simon are civilized and apply their power in the interests of the young boys and the progress of the group in general. The savage inclined boys like Roger and Jack direct their powers to selfish interests in the event of using the young boys as instruments of their fun. Conclusion Almost every essay about symbolism in Lord of the Flies highlights William Golding's mastery in writing literal works. Symbolism in the book shows the author's message and opinion. That man would quickly resort to their violent tendencies when under pressure and how easy it would be for them to lose their innocence. Lord of the Flies symbolism essay reflects on aspects that unite, divide and progress society.

Emerging Issues in Tourism

Introduction Background of the study The tourism industry is one of the largest and most dynamic industries in the world that drives the economies of many countries. Generally, the industry has largest economic output compared to the agricultural, forestry, fishing, mining, and the communication industries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Emerging Issues in Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this regard, it has the highest growth rates and relatively high volumes of foreign currency. It has also recorded growth in terms of fresh administration and enlightening experiences in the last few decades. All these changes have made the industry to contribute positively to the economic, cultural and social development of many countries. This has been mostly experienced in western countries such as Austria, France, and Switzerland. Recent studies indicate that, the industry contributes to about 10% of the worldâ⠂¬â„¢s revenue, besides employing one out of ten workers in the world (Dwyer et al. 2003, p. 1). Despite many countries tending to consider the positive aspects of the industry, many studies indicate that it has both positive and negative effects on the economy, society, culture and the environment. The tourism industry has a range of economic effects. It has both primary and secondary benefits on many sectors. The primary effects of tourism are felt by the restaurants, lodgings, the retail trade, and the transportation sectors. On the other hand, the secondary effects affect the employment rates, incomes, and sales in many economic sectors of a country. For instance, in the 2000/01 tourism economic impact analysis in Australia, it is indicated that the industry created $ 23.3 billion in revenues for the New South Wales State. Of the total incomes, $ 6.4 billion were from the international visitors. In the same state, the industry employs about 5.3% of workers, besides being larger than the agricultural, electricity, Government Administration, and recreational industries among many more (Dwyer et al. 2003, p. 1). Generally, the industry leads to changes in prices, the quality and quantities of goods and services, and property taxes among other taxes. On the other hand, the negative economic effects of tourism are also numerous. Due to the economic interdependencies created by the industry, it influences the economic costs of the local communities in terms of tourism infrastructure, tourism businesses, congestion, and the increased taxes meant to generate more revenue for planning, growth and development of tourism. As with the economic activities, the tourism industry exerts many cultural effects on many communities. The cultural benefits of tourism are dependent on the native communities because their perception of tourism development will impact the way a community values and sustain its cultural activities or otherwise (Dwyer et al. 2003, p. 3).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Tourism development should encourage the development of the community’s existing characteristics instead of striving to attain standards of other tourism destinations. In this way, the industry contributes to development of a sense of cultural pride when visitors tour the local communities; create an interface for cultural exchange both internationally and locally in addition to creating awareness and generating funds for preservation, conservation and transmission of the local traditions and cultural identity. On the other hand, tourism can lead to unrestrained, untenable and massed activities that erode the cultural diversity of many communities. These include thrashing of privacy and interruption of the daily lives of the locals, which eventually lead to loss of cultural identities (Honey 2008, p. 23). Further, tourism can influence the socia l activities and relations of many communities in different ways. The social benefits of tourism arise from those activities that promote understanding, appreciation, awareness, tolerance, and learning among other activities. These activities include, promoting self-respect among the locals and visitors, limiting the cultural stereotypes and unconstructive perceptions amongst the two groups, and development of constructive attitudes towards one another, among other activities. However, tourism activities may give rise to many negative outcomes such as distrust, increased tension, and unfriendliness between the visitors and the local communities or between the local communities themselves (Honey 2008, p. 27). Another relatively important aspect of tourism involves its impact on the environment. This is because the interaction between tourism and the environment can be very complex. The perceived benefits of tourism include construction of aesthetic constructions such as airports, res orts, restaurants, shops, hotels, and other general infrastructure. On the other hand, tourism can affect the environment negatively when the level of environmental utilization exceeds its ability and sustainability. Therefore, the tourist activities can lead to pollution and depletion of natural resources such as water resources, energy, land, and food resources among others. However, with the emergence of ecotourism, there has been increased awareness on the importance of environmental conservation relative to tourism development (Buckley 2000, p.661). Sustainable or Eco/nature tourism involves responsible tourist activities in destinations that are easily destroyable, untouched and preserved so as to lower the impact of traditional tourism (Buckley 2000, p. 661). Through Ecotourism, the tourists are educated on the importance of conserving the environment in addition to providing funds for conservation of the local tourist destinations.Advertising We will write a custom essa y sample on Emerging Issues in Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay critically evaluates the emerging issues in sustainable tourism or eco/nature tourism in Sydney, Australia, which has proven to be one of the top ten most visited tourist destinations. It further looks at the problems facing the development of the tourism industry in addition to giving the most probable solutions to these problems. It also provides recommendations on the most probable ways of curtailing the rising barriers and issues in tourism development. Sustainable Tourism or Ecotourism in Sydney, Australia Sustainable tourism aims at promoting personal growth and education, local cultures, volunteering, and wilderness explorations through traveling to tourist destinations that are preserved and where the local heritage and cultures are the main focus of tourism development (Buckley 2000, p. 665). In this regard, sustainable tourism leads to reducti on of the negative impacts of traditional tourism, conservation, and transmission of the cultural identity of the natives. The initiatives of this form of tourism are undertaken by a variety of stakeholders notably, the hospitability providers, who are involved in the process of evaluating the ecological and cultural factors related to the tourism industry. In addition, the stakeholders are involved in other activities that are aimed at promoting waste recycling, energy efficiency in most of the tourism-related activities, and re-use of water (Barkin 2002, p. 245). Further, the industry is centered at creating economic environments that sustain the financial needs of the local communities affected by the tourist activities. Formulation and implementation of the policies of ecotourism are undertaken by professionals from a variety of fields such as marine biology, environmental sciences, historians, wildlife management, archaeology, and oceanography among others. Furthermore, the eco tourism sector is regarded as one of the most growing sectors within the tourism business making Sydney one of the fast growing green cities in the world. According to a study conducted by the World Tourism Organization (WTO), the ecotourism sector experiences a growth rate of 5% annually thereby, generating about 6% of the world revenues and about 11.4% of the total customer spending (Dwyer et al. 2003, p. 3). The significance of Sustainable Tourism in Sydney, Australia With the ever-changing and toughening environmental regulations and demands from both the government and the communities, there is the need to move from the conventional forms of tourism to a more sustainable form such as ecotourism. Besides, there is the need for the tourism industry to provide its consumers with avenues where they can benefit from and discover the innate, chronological, and the artistic attributes of various exceptional destinations. In addition, the industry will need to safeguard the integrity o f these unique destinations on top of promoting the economic growth and development of the local communities (Tuohino and Hynonen 2001, p. 21).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through making such observations, the city council of Sydney and the Australian government has developed programs such as Tourism Australia (TA), Indigenous Tourism Australia (ITA), and Business Events Australia (BEA), which aim at providing guidance and ground-breaking strategies for the sustainable development of ecotourism. Implementation of these programs has made Sydney the first city in Australia to achieve carbon neutrality. The programs draw professionals from many fields and sectors such as the tourism operators, state and government regulatory agencies, and the associations affiliated to the tourism industry. These professionals have come up with a strategic plan known as Sustainable Sydney 2030, which lays down the principles that should be enacted by the industry players in developing ecotourism, besides attracting huge numbers of foreign and local tourists (Discussion paper 2007, p. 1). The strategic plan recognizes the uniqueness of the local communities’ connec tion with the land to be used for tourism development, the history, and culture of the local communities. Therefore, there is the need to incorporate the city residents in planning for tourism development through involving them in mutual ventures, ownership of projects, and their active involvement in the implementation of policies (Discussion paper 2007, p. 2). This can be achieved through programs that encourage employment, training and involvement of the natives in the management of the tourism development projects. In the same line, it was imperative that the plan provided avenues whereby the residents could observe promote and preserve their cultural uniqueness and legacy in order to diversify the city’s tourism practices. Through this program, the future of the city residents is brought to the present in that, those affected by the tourist activities are given the opportunity to establish expertise, industry appreciativeness, and industry capacities for future economic development (Discussion paper 2007, p. 4). Furthermore, the plan is designed to provide equal benefits for the locals relative to visitors and other industry players. These benefits are considered in terms of social interactions meant to promote cross-cultural appreciation, tolerance and enlightenment. Finally, through incorporation of the city residents, committed partnerships, NGOs, the government agencies, and other stakeholders in the tourism industry, the program is projected to bear numerous benefits, in terms of promoting the welfare of the residents and the city in general. Therefore, it is important that the tourism industry respects and upholds the cultural, land, and environmental attributes of the tourist sites before implementing any plans on tourism development. Problems facing the Development of Ecotourism in Sydney, Australia Despite that the sector of ecotourism promises a variety of long term cultural, environmental and economic benefits, a number of activities per ceived to be problems affect the transformation from conventional tourism to ecotourism. For instance, the city of Sydney and most South Australian cities are facing numerous problems related to development and management of programs aimed at promoting the implementation of ecotourism policies among a host others. Some of these problems are related to the divergence in perceptions of the whole program (Discussion Paper 2002, p. 1). Many environmentalists are of the idea that ecotourism should involve programs that are nature-oriented, managed sustainably, conservation-based and environmentally sensitive. On the other hand, the government and other industry players are focused at the end product of the implemented policies thereby, making ecotourism equivalent to any other form of tourism such as conventional tourism. In that respect, ecotourism presents new negative effects relative to conventional tourism thereby slowing its development in many aspects. For instance, ecotourism is one of the fastest growing sectors in the tourism industry projecting a growth rate of about 10-15% per annum in most Australian cities (Discussion Paper 2002, p. 1). The standards that define this sector include its advocacy for low impact tourist activities, education-oriented, cultural and ecological sensitivity, and the equal distribution of resources between all industry players. Many of these standards are not fulfilled or they are totally ignored in some cases. Some of the negative effects of ecotourism include the mass displacement of people from their native land without compensation, violation of human rights, and increased environmental degradation associated with the increased number of tourist activities. A lot of capital and human resource is being wasted in the development of ecotourism, which has shown unsuccessful returns over the years. Additionally, other critics of the program have noted that a lot of public funds are being injected into campaigns meant to derail the general public from the negative outcomes and criticism linked to ecotourism (Wight 2009, p. 3). Furthermore, ecotourism contributes to a variety of environmental effects directly. In many parts of Sydney and the world where the ecotourism programs have been implemented, the conservation ideals associated to its operations have failed to take effect. Many critics argue that the operations have been more of consumer-based rather than environment-oriented. They further argue that the conservation claims are meant to encourage further economic gains (Discussion Paper 2002, p.2). Some of the problems cited in this case are those related to the increased number of visitors and activities that demand the expansion of the general infrastructure thereby leading to pollution and degradation of natural resources and population pressures. The increased number of people also leaves behind large quantities of garbage, besides consuming large quantities of non-renewable energy resources in f errying the ecotourists to various locations. The ecotourism activities also lead to disturbance of the flora and fauna of tourist sites in that the nature hikes created by the tourists are detrimental to the ecosystem. Therefore, Ecotourism just like conventional tourism leads to depletion of environmental resources, displacement of people, and disruption of cultures. Furthermore, ecotourism has suffered low city resident’s support and mismanagement in Sydney and many South Australian cities. In a study conducted to measure the level of acceptance for tourism activities in Sydney, many residents felt that tourism development could only be accepted if it was genuine and if it mirrored the local people’s values. The management of ecotourism is entrusted on the government, which like in any other environment-oriented projects has failed to implement the conservation ideals that are provided by the proponents and policies of ecotourism (Discussion Paper 2002, p. 3). Solut ions to the Problems facing the Development of Sustainable Tourism Since the implementation of ecotourism policies by key industry players have failed to uphold environmental conservation standards, there is the need to create regulatory and accreditation bodies to check the activities of ecotourism companies. The regulation and accreditation standards should be based on the need to categorize and discriminate companies on the basis of their commitment to sustaining and preserving the environment (Buckley 2000, p. 668). In this respect, the accreditation and regulatory agencies should be committed towards developing procedures that govern the regulatory process. The bodies need to draw membership from different fields such as the government, travel agencies, airlines, tour guide agencies, and local authorities among others. The criterion for assessment of the company’s conformity with the standards should be based on the environmental management plan in place, the accrued eco nomic benefits for the natives, the extent of community education and training, and the environmental impact created by the company. Other solutions to the problems identified include provision of guidance and educational programs to ecotourists and the local community at large. This can be achieved through considering the root causes of their activities on the environment such as littering and nature hikes. Finally, since most of the ecotourism projects are owned and run by large-scale international companies that cause many problems to the locals and the environment, there is the need to encourage development of small-scale, slow growth and local-based corporations to manage ecotourism activities (Barkin 2002, p. 248). The Suitability of the Proposed Solutions The above mentioned solutions and sustainability programs are suitable for addressing the existing problems. For instance, the accreditation and regulatory bodies will serve to control the level of activities of the global c ompanies owning business interests on the land owned by the locals. The education and guidance programs will in turn create awareness amongst the ecotourists on the importance of conserving the environments and sites that they visit in order to safeguard the interests of the local communities and the environment at large. Finally, through limitation of the activities of large-scale external or international corporations that engage in environmentally unsustainable activities, the local communities will be given an opportunity to safeguard their environment, besides obtaining benefits of tourism within their locales. Recommendations Ecotourism, as it can be noted from the above discussions is a crucial program/initiative that can benefit the local communities affected by tourist activities and the nation in general. However, it can lead to detrimental effects on the environment and the local communities if poorly implemented and mismanaged. Therefore, in order to ensure positive bene fits from the development of ecotourism, there is the need to develop and implement policies that work in line with the principles that underlie ecotourism. In line with the principles of ecotourism, it is hereby recommended that: The importance or the uniqueness of land and other natural resources to the local communities should come first in planning for ecotourism development projects. Project-planning should encourage the incorporation of the local communities in joint ventures, business ownership, and business management The local communities should be given the opportunity to establish their skills, industry know-how, and business opportunities relative to the development of ecotourism to allow for their future economic empowerment The importance of the environment to the natives and the nation should not be overlooked or ignored during the project-planning and implementation stages Summary and Conclusions The essay has provided an in-depth account of conventional tourism an d its impact on the economy, culture, society and the environment. As noted from the above discussions, tourism is one of the fastest growing industries in the world, accounting for most of the world revenues and employment when compared to other sectors such as agriculture, electricity, and mining. The economic positive impacts of tourism can be divided into primary benefits and secondary benefits. The primary benefits are felt directly by the hotels, restaurants, retail businesses, travel agencies among others. On the other hand, the secondary benefits go to the governments, local authorities, and other regulatory agencies in terms of taxes. However, tourism can also have negative impacts on the economy through increased taxes and costs that are incurred in developing businesses and general infrastructure to cater for the interests of tourists. The cultural impact of tourism can be both positive and negative in that it affects the culture of the local communities positively throug h preservation, conservation, and transmission of the cultural identity from one generation to another. On the other hand, tourism affects culture negatively through activities meant to attain international standards of catering, which erode the local cultural attributes. Further, tourism affects the society both positively and negatively. The positive benefits of tourism on the society include promotion of cross-cultural interactions, tolerance and self-respect amongst the visitors and the natives. However, tourism can also lead to hostility, aggression and distrust amongst the visitors and the natives. The environmental effects of tourism are numerous in that it contributes to construction of aesthetic general infrastructures, which also contributes to economic gains on one hand or negative effects on the other. The negative effects of tourism on the environment include pollution and degradation of the natural resources among others. Furthermore, the essay looks at the emerging is sues in sustainable tourism or ecotourism in the city of Sydney. Additionally, it looks at the significance of the sustainability of ecotourism in the city. Further discussions provide the barriers/problems that are facing the current development of ecotourism in Sydney and the world in general. In the same line, the possible solutions to these problems are provided in addition to evaluating their suitability in dealing with the current problems. From the discussions, it can be noted that ecotourism is a fast growing sector in the tourism industry, with the aim of providing aesthetic cultural and environmental features to visitors, while preserving the environment and the cultural identity of the locals, besides giving back to the community the benefits accrued from tourist activities on their land. Sydney has taken a foot forward in encouraging the sustainability of ecotourism through implementing strategic plans such as the Sustainable Sydney 2030, which is aimed at promoting and protecting local interests in tourism, in addition to ensuring that the greatest benefits obtained from tourist activities go to the city residents. Reference List Barkin, D. (2002) Ecotourism for sustainable regional development. Current Issues in  Tourism, 5(3), 245-253. Buckley, R. (2000) Research note: a framework for ecotourism. Annals of Tourism  Research, 21(3), 661-669. Dwyer et al. (2003) The New South Wales State tourism satellite account for 2000-01:  University of NSW, Australia Website. [online]. Web. Honey, M. (2008) Ecotourism and sustainable development: who owns paradise? 3rd  edition. Washington DC, Island Press. Indigenous Tourism Australia (2007) National Strategy for Indigenous Tourism 2007 –  2012. [online]. Indigenous Tourism Australia. Available from:  https://www.saplanningportal.sa.gov.au/ South Australian Tourism Commission Resource Centre (2002) Sustainable tourism  development in regional South Australia. [online]. South Australian Tourism Commission. Available from:  https://www.saplanningportal.sa.gov.au/ Tuohino and Hynonen, A. (2001) Ecotourism-imagery and reality: reflections and Wight, practices in Finnish rural tourism. Nordia Geographical Publications, 30(4), 21-34. Wright, P. A. (2009) Ecotourism, ethics or eco-sell. Journal of Travel Research, 31(3), 3-9. This essay on Emerging Issues in Tourism was written and submitted by user DargoKtor to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How does the director Steven Spielberg use filmic techniques to build suspense and tension for the audience in the film jaws Essays

How does the director Steven Spielberg use filmic techniques to build suspense and tension for the audience in the film jaws Essays How does the director Steven Spielberg use filmic techniques to build suspense and tension for the audience in the film jaws Essay How does the director Steven Spielberg use filmic techniques to build suspense and tension for the audience in the film jaws Essay Essay Topic: Jaws To Build a Fire Steven Spielberg is now recognised as one of Hollywoods leading directors; a filmmaker who expresses his identity over a body of films. However, when he directed Jaws in 1975 he didnt have the expansive film technology that he now carries. The film does, though, contain several important elements that would be eventually recognised as part of a Spielberg film. His work in creating suspense and tension is recognised by critics all over the world.The film was surrounded by hype; mainly due to the lack of order in financing the film after it ran over budget, but readers of Peter Benchleys novel JAWS were anticipating a blockbuster of their time. Whilst Spielberg stated that the film was tacky but marvellous it proved to be a benchmark in his passage into stardom, his use of tension techniques becoming a main element within a Spielberg film.The tagline Dont go into the water has been etched into cinema folklore and the dur dur theme tune can be heard in a variety of films, quite possibly making it one of the worlds most renowned theme tunes.The title sequence is an important element in the film JAWS with the dur dur theme tune being introduced. The point of view shot (POV) along with the dur dur theme music creates a fear factor that is prominent throughout the film. The sharks power is amplified right from the beginning. The camera, or the shark, increases its speed in conjunction with the music increasing in tempo, demonstrating the incredible speed that the shark is capable of moving. This early signal alerts viewers to the alarming power the shark possesses. This implements a tension that is long spanned in the viewers mindset.The film begins with a mid shot of a seemingly average teenage party with a strangely chilling diegetic harmonica. This may alert viewers to the factor that everything might not be as it seems. The only light sources are the moon and a blazing fire. Lack of light can build a strong tension due to strained visibility. Fire, although it can provide warmth and comfort, it is often used in the visualisation of hell, and the use of the fire could also be read as a warning signal of what is to come. Chrissie asks to go skinny dipping and the track shot follows Chrissie and Tom, attempting to get undressed but Tom seems to be struggling, this shows us that he may be a liability to Chrissies cause.When Chrissie gets into the water the long shot shows her insignificance and scale to water, telling us that there is no escape. The bells clang, reminiscent of bells at a funeral, the shot and sound combined creates a scary prospect considering the title of the film. The setting is the most obvious element of the suspense. The scene is set at night, the setting where the majority of most horror movies takes place, severely limiting both the characters and the audiences visibility. As we seek more as Chrissies life hangs in the balance, we are restricted, building a frantic suspense. While in the water, Chrissie is suddenly jerked around by an unseen force and then pulled under.A close up of the horrified girls face builds a tension because you dont know what it is that is yanking at her legs. Her screaming is frantic, her legs splash, the audiences know this is the worst thing she can do. We care about her life and as the suspense grows we worry more. The sound at this point is very loud for a long period of time as the tension builds as Chrissie eventually goes under the water. The silence that follows this will scare audiences; this theme is continued throughout the film. Silence is a tension similar to the other tactic employed by Spielberg; keeping the shark out of visibility. The phobia of the water is enforced during this scene, a long spanning tension employed by Spielberg.This first attack may leave the killer open for debate as you do not see the shark during the duration of Chrissies death. As the film continues you see more and more of the shark, this creates an aura of tension and suspense as be fore every attack audiences are unsure to how much they will be exposed to. Spielberg is increasing the films psychological impact. The audience is forced to imagine what the shark looks like, rather than be told.Music in the film JAWS is used to fulfil the genre, however, when Quint, Brody and Hooper are on the boat, adventure seeking music is used occasionally. Spielberg only uses the dur dur when the shark attacks, not as a red herring. The audience may feel trapped through even the slightest and most subtle use of sound. In the second attack more horrific variations on the shark ostinato alter the way the shark is perceived, however in the Ben Gardners Boat scene an evocative, ominous searching cue that features an alien, strange tone conveyed through ascending string notes, and flute triads give an eerie feel rather than a frantic one. Hints of the shark ostinato play throughout, finally climaxing in a huge synthesizer tone. These changes in sound all add to tension as they are different false alarming teqniques.The genre Thriller is sometimes defined by suspense and Spielbergs critical use of false alarms develop a firm grasp with audiences. The director picks his moments to strike.The second attack makes use of false alarms to build tension, after Chrissies death audiences are nervous as to when the shark will strike once more. This attack takes place in daylight and comes as a surprise to the people of Amnity Island; however, for audiences the tension is stronger due to the amount of people present. This signifies more danger and more chance of death. As Brody sits and examines the beach, false alarms occur to develop this pattern in the film. The yellow lilo is prominent in this scene as a shot of the lilo going out is concluded later in the film with a shot of a ripped up version of the lilo. Brody, alone, watches the beach, a man with a secret. His neighbours discuss various topics, and one of them comes to pester him about some parking hassles obst ructing the camera angle of the sea, this brings back the tension of sight difficulties.The frisson between the triviality of Amity life and the life-and-death struggle Brody is silently engaged and its unbearable for him to cope with. Theres the old man with the hat scene, a false-scare that serves as a small misdirect due to his strange likeness to a shark. There is some more suspense as a boy calls for his dog that is missing in the water. Along with a clever camera angle (shallow focus which sees everything blurred but the girl on shoulders) that makes a girl on a boys shoulders look menacing. Tension has been built as to when the shark will strike. As audiences are sucked in, Spielberg strikes. Young Alex Kinter is killed in very spectacular fashion, the shark seemed to come up from underneath him and cause a volcano of blood.A long shot of his climatic death provides the extravagant and disturbing suspense needed. This death makes use of shark POV shots from under the water. C hildren splashing and the scene with the yellow lilo are viewed from the sharks perspective, the splashing very reminiscent of Chrissies death. As the shark moves steadily underneath the children, tension is built as it lifts closer to certain individuals, unsure of who will become the next victim.Brody has now seen the shark in a dramatic zoom shot from the beach; his perspective has been altered along with the audience. The holiday date of 4th July suddenly seems to dawn on audiences. We know this is the perfect time for the shark to kill; the suspense every time someone goes near the water is torturous.The next attack sees two comedic characters attempt to catch the shark with a holiday roast. The suspense surrounding this attack is very strong after previous events. You fear for both the men. The shark takes the bait and heads out to sea, taking the end of the dock, and one of the men, with it. This moment makes use of the mid shot, making sure all significant factors are in the shot. The second the man goes into the water, we fear for his life, and we do not relax until his feet get out of the water, this tension has been built up through the fear of the water factor. Spielberg even lets the camera linger (low angle) on his feet scrambling over the collapsed dock, knowing that we are waiting for the shark to leap up and snatch the man away. We dont see the shark in this scene adding to the psychological barrier being built up between the shark and viewers. This build up of tension has been cancelled out by the man getting away; we are being lulled into a false sense of security.In these first attacks, Spielberg has established the water as the dividing line between safety and danger. Do not go into the water is firmly etched into viewers mindsets.When Hooper and Brody go out on Hoopers boat to investigate, Hooper gets into the water. The darkness is a suspense builder especially with a fairly timid flash light being the only source of light. As a POV shot of Hoopers movement edges closer to the boat, tension builds as an ostinato of music builds. Ben Gardners head emerges from the hull of the boat in the musics climax, a high point of climatic tension in the film JAWS.Spielberg has used a variety of camera teqniques to build such tension in the film Jaws. Long/distant shots of boats show the vulnerability of a boat to the sea, creating a tension that there is no escape. Tracking shots in the 2nd attack are used to create suspense and mid shots in the scenes with Quint, Brody and Hooper allow the audience to examine the scale of human to shark and the strength the shark possesses.The 4th of July Regatta arrives, amid great controversy. Thousands of people arrive at the Amity dock, but the first thing Spielberg shows us in this scene is a souvenir stand selling shark jawbones. This is a tension that is built after we are shown that they are selling their worst fear as souvenirs. Brody has an armada of deputies surrounding the swimming area, helicopters and walkie-talkies, all the security 20th-century technology can muster, the suspense is rising, and we think that something is going to happen.A midshot takes in the happy holiday swimmers but we know that in the water is danger, only being free and clear of it is safety. Brodys fear becomes our fear; we are in the exact same position, which is where Spielberg wants an audience to be. This mindset has been stemmed from tension built earlier in the film. There is the cardboard fin false alarm, and the panic on the beach as the swimmers pound in to safety. The cardboard fin false alarm gives the audience a sigh of relief after a build up of suspense. Our attention is on the beach and Spielberg now puts the camera in high angled fashion on the pond, the place for old ladies, where Brodys son Michael is boating. Michael now becomes the vulnerable person nearest the shark and the tension rises when an onlooker sees the shark before Michael. A track shot of Michaels mo ther running down the beach alerts us as to who is in danger. The shark swims right by Michael in an above the water shot, we expect him to be attacked; however, he is raised from the ocean and taken to hospital safely. The suspense is lowered briefly until another above the water shot moves speedily towards a man in the water. Despite the success of Michael, a man is killed with his leg bitten off. An underwater shot tracks the leg as it hits the ocean floor. The tension that had been brewing had climaxed with an element of gore.The shark is slowly exposed more and more, a tension technique that is used to impeccable effect, especially when Brody, Hooper and Quint go out on the boat. A close up shot from behind Brody shows him coming face to face with the shark. Brody is playing with some knots but Spielbergs timing is impeccable. The scene of Brody looking at the camera, building a suspense as the sea is in view, and griping about the knots, to him standing up stock-straight as he comprehends the monster, to him backing into the cabin to say Youre gonna need a bigger boat is excellent. The suspense is slowly built up, the camera never leaving Brodys face but allowing the audience to see the water.A long shot of the boat in front of a dark moonlit sky shows the possible insignificance or scale of boat to sea. We are beginning to see that there is no escape and the sharks intelligence combined with the size of the boat is a tension that Spielberg has cleverly placed. The three begin singing Show me the way to go home in a mid shot of Quint and Hooper, whilst banging on the table in joyous moods, productively adding to their own downfall as they cant hear the shark banging against the boat. The camera lingers on Quint, Brody and Hooper before flashing back to the damage being done by the shark, the tension increases because we yearn for them to notice it for their own safety. The boards bend inward and water spurts inside the hull, a low placed camera shot, pos sibly from the top of the stairs, shows the water level rising. Our breathing stops because the water is coming in the boat, and Spielberg has done such an excellent job, through tension, of establishing that the water itself is an object of dread. Seconds later, the shark rams the boat and Brody falls into the water portrayed from a low angled camera shot.A close up shot of Brody shows him trying to ring for help only for Quint to destroy it. This suspense is a reaction to the reality that the threesome will be deprived of the outside world. Now that the shark has decided to wreck the boat, a plan is announced (A mid shot in soft focus shows Brody and Hooper talking. Quint, who is blurred, stands at the helm of the boat, bringing the attention to Hooper and Brody) to lead him into shallow waters and drown him. Quint is visibly disappointed by this plan and proceeds to destroy the boats motor. A mid shot in deep focus shows Quint at the forefront of the boat, singing in a slightly i nsane manner. A background of Hooper and Brody in disbelief builds suspense because they look incapable of stopping Quint. We are worried as to what Quint is doing and the tension is built as the smoke intensifies. We are maybe waiting for the boat to explode in a time bomb fashion.Another high point of tension is the scene when Hooper goes in the water. A close up shot of Hooper sees him declare his plan with, Have you got any better ideas. A shot from above the metal container has Brody, Quint and Hooper featured, this being a very tension filled scene, you feel this is the climax. There is a short preparation montage where we get our reminder of the oxygen tanks. Going into the water builds a tension within audiences because we expect Hooper to die however, he goes into the water to prove his worth and fails miserably, hiding behind a rock. Various angles are used to portray different sides of the shark. A shot from underneath the container shows the shark tangling with the conta iner, suspense runs through this scene as we see the shark in full. Some POV shots show the power of the shark ramming into the metal, the tension rises as the metal bends more and more. A mid shot of both Hooper and the shark shows the size comparison and when Hooper loses his spike that was to be used to kill the shark the suspense raises to its climax and we think this is Hoopers end. A fairly long shot of Hooper swimming to the rock is a nerve wracking moment as we know the shark could appear at any moment.In another scene, following Hoopers attempts, the shark jumps into the boat; a parallel sound accompanies the shark. Quint wants to kill the shark but falls steadily towards the gaping hole of the sharks mouth. Reverting shots of Quint and Brody show the contrasts and Brodys incapability to save Quint. The close up shot of just Quints legs struggling to avoid his end creates a massive tension as we await his legs to be bitten. A mid shot from behind Quint features the sharks m outh and Quint struggling to get away from the sharks mouth; the variety of shots show different angles that build tension. It seems to take for ages for Quint to die, the tension increasing per second. This is coupled with the loudness increasing ostinato that accompanies this scene. None diegetic sounds with a frantic feel add to the audiences feelings of suspense. This could possibly be the highest moment of tension within the film.In the final scene, there is already a remaining tension from Quints death. The boat is sinking and Brody is alone. The music ostinato begins again and long shots of the shark build the tension as the shark moves towards the boat. Brody fuses Hoopers science with Quints rifle and prepares to kill the shark. A long shot shows Brody climbing up the mast before preparing to shoot. The suspense is building and you know this is the climax. Mid shots that involve Brody with the gun and the sharks fin moving closer build tension as we prepare for the shark to get to Brody. The sound loudness and speed of ostinato grows as the shark gets closer, another suspense builder.A close up of Brodys face shows his concentration as one of his shots goes wide. The boat continues to sink, portrayed with more long shots. A POV shot shows the shark getting closer and when the oxygen tanks are thrown into the mouth of the shark, this is were we see the sharks mouth in full. The tension is at a climax in this scene and Spielberg allows the ostinato to reach its finale before Brody, in a close up, fires a gun shot that hits the oxygen tank. A long shot shows the volcano of blood and skin that erupt into the air. The tension is killed after a slow rise throughout the film.A close up of Brody shows his exhaustion and excitement, as audiences we are relieved.This is the product of a build of tension created by music and camera shots. Spielberg uses building ostinato and misdirecting dur durs to build tension. The art of false alarms create suspense due to t heir misleading traits. The tension is also built through silence and not showing the shark, we are made to think.Spielberg has done a great job of creating a tension ridden masterpiece using camera and sound.

Nursing Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing Theories - Essay Example This is fundamental since nursing theories are derived from models comprised of the following components: the person or self, environment, health and nursing. These four metaparadigm concepts can be observed in all nursing models and forms the framework from which each theory as a whole functions (Rogers, 1989). This paper aims to evaluate the definitions of the concept of health and illness in two nursing theories namely, Margaret Newman's "Health as Expanding Consciousness" and Martha Roger's "Science of Unitary Human Beings." Margaret Newman's systems model recognizes the person as a comprehensive system. Within this system are constituent elements including the physiological factor, psychological factor, sociological factor, spiritual factor and developmental factor which according to her are in a complex interrelationship (Newman, 1992). With regards to health, Margaret Newman maintains that health is the manifestation of the realm of consciousness. Consciousness is defined as the capability of the human system to gather and process information regarding the self and the environment. However, according to Newman, consciousness is not limited to the cognitive and affective faculties that characterize the basic notion of consciousness but also includes the dynamism of the whole living system (Newman, 1997). The consciousness of the system, accord... "Science of Unitary Beings" by Martha Rogers Martha Rogers's system model considers the person or individual as a unit or unified whole which is constantly in direct interaction with the surrounding environment. According to her, health and illness are the products and manifestations of the human life process. She gives a scientific model for nursing that is based on concept of health as the systematic function of the physical body and illness as the state of dysfunction of the components of the human life processes (Rogers, 1975) Health is seen by Martha Rogers as the integration of the physicochemical properties of life that is constant interaction with the immediate environment which are also imminent in the energy fields inherent in the two areas. The energy field that constitutes the person's or the individual's complex systems are in direct contact with the energy field of the environment which may be assigned as the surrounding living and non-living forms. Therefore, the energy fields that is present in this larger system is made up of the living and the non-living forms of the person and the environment. The open mode of the person and environment energy fields promotes an interchange of energy between the two which leads to the kind of nature or state of the system classified into either health or illness (Rogers, 1989). Health Concepts Comparison and Analysis The main point of comparison between Newman's and Rogers' use of the concept of health in their respective theories arises in the nature and impact of the perception of constitution of the person. The first similarity lies in the consideration of the person's physical and

Recent new york history with short essay format questions Assignment

Recent new york history with short essay format questions - Assignment Example the inefficiencies within the governments, as well as introduced reform coalitions and invented â€Å"methods of mobilizing public opinion† through â€Å"muck racking, celebrity picket line, forcing of an official witness-calling investigation, launching of a referendum campaign,† and poring over the city planner or commission government’s outputs (Rodgers, â€Å"Atlantic Crossings† 52; Thelen 1885 qtd. in Rodgers, â€Å"In Search of Progressivism† 117). Progressivism caused a lot of civil-focused reforms via the amendment of the Constitution; these reforms covered or created the personal income tax, Federal Reserve, antitrust laws, immigration-restrictions and food regulation (Leonard 207). A significant highlight of progressivism in New York City is its participation in the reformation of prostitution in the Tammany Hall. A published report, which linked â€Å"Tammany Hall with police-protected brothels,† paved the way to â€Å"redefine† policies that caused the proliferation of prostitution (Engs 76). In an incumbent party’s view, the Progressives took its opportunity to strike whenever government inefficiencies are spotted. Exploiting government flaws through reform proposals is a foolproof idea to firmly root the Progressive Party in New York. The only drawback of this movement is the simultaneous reforms’ sustainable capacity; with all the reformation occurring, there may be not enough people to watch its effectivity. Consequently, feedback is not captured to be incorporated to reform-improvements. The fiscal crisis in New York consisted of the primary and secondary cause. While the primary cause is considered the root cause, the secondary causes were government responses to the primary cause. The primary cause was the â€Å"city’s exaggerated forecast of real estate revenue collections† (Fuchs 56). This forecast left the city with significant deficits. However, instead of cutting spending, the government resorted to short-term borrowing (Fuchs 56).

A Critique on Enlightenment philosophy Term Paper

A Critique on Enlightenment philosophy - Term Paper Example In fact the process of enlightenment transforms back into what it tries to separate itself from; the myth. Theodore W. Adorno (1903-1969) was a German philosopher, sociologist and musicologist. He is recognized mostly for his critical theory of society. His work is selected for this paper as the philosopher has published books specifically focusing and critiquing the concept of enlightenment. His notable works include Dialect of Enlightenment (1947) and Negative Dialects (1966). The works of other intellects used to justify the thesis includes names like Jay M. Bernstein. In his book Adorno: Disenchantment and Ethics (2001), he gives a comprehensive view of Adorno’s aesthetics and social theory. His work is used here to understand the Adorno’s critique of enlightenment in depth. Adorno’s critique of enlightenment is not about the European Enlightenment or a specific scientific thinking. It encompasses the generalized idea of enlightenment. This way there are two fields of knowledge (thinking); before enlightenment and after it. The knowledge that existed prior to enlightenment was based on faith, intangible and uncountable aspects like myth and magic. Enlightenment is thus the opposite of mythology; the process of disenchanting and demythologizing. Most of enlightenment theories exist to negate magic and myth. The mythical way in understanding the universe involves unforeseen forces or gods. What cannot be directly comprehended by mind is left to such forces. After all, if humans cannot grasp infinity, it does not mean that it doesn’t exist. Adorno and Horkheimer give extra weightage to transcendent content, which means that what is beyond the immediate thinking (knowledge) MUST be considered. Scientific thinking relies on comprehending everything. Thus there exists an inclination of ruling out what lies beyond the immediate truth. Enlightenment does not encourage imagination for imagination can

Investigating The Structure Of Pig Heart Physical Education Essay

Investigating The Structure Of Pig Heart Physical Education Essay Introduction There are three layers of the heart: the epicardium, myocardium and the endocardium. The heart, like a dual pump, which is to pump blood around the whole body, pick-up nutrients and oxygen, at the same time, helping eliminate deleterious wastes, such as carbon dioxide. Moreover, the heart consists of four chambers: two ventricles and two atria. The upper chambers are called atria while the lower chambers are called ventricles, they are separated by valves. Valves are one-way, see Figure 1(Lane, 2010b), hence, they play an important role in preventing the blood from flowing back. Figure 1 One Way Valve (Lane, 2010b) The left are right chambers are separated by muscular wall septum. Without this septum, blood from one chamber will be mixed up with the blood from another and be contaminated (Burnell, 2010). The ventricles have thicker muscles than the atria, they are strong enough to pump the blood out of the heart and circulate to other parts of the body.   Besides, the pressure applied on the left ventricle is greater. As a result, the walls of the left ventricle are the thickest among all the walls of chambers (Burnell, 2010). The coronary artery supply blood to heart muscles and oxygenated, it under the groove on the front the heart and it branches over the front (Lane, 2010b) The pulmonary artery can carry blood to lungs to incept oxygen. It is used to travel the short distance to lungs because large volume of blood can be passed through and oxygenated. The pulmonary artery locates d of curving out of the right ventricle (Lane, 2010b). Methodology Apparatus The material and apparatus used in the experiment: the fresh pig heart, dissecting pan, forceps, scalpels, scissors and gloves. Methods and Observations Procedure 1: External Structure (Lane, 2010a) The heart was washed and placed into a dissecting pan. The colour of heart is pink, white colour exist in the top (maybe this colour is from fatty) and with much dried blood. It can be held by two hands and approximately is 13 cm 10 cm 7 cm. The heart is about 0.25 kg. The pericardium was found a covering the membrane of heart. The pericardium was cut by a scalpel so that the pericardium could be observed. The myocardium was located below the pericardium. The pericardium is a strong membrane. Thus, it is difficult to remove this membrane. It is about 1mm and colourless. The apex was located and was pointing down. The apex is easy to find, it is pink and pointed. The front of the heart was recognized by a groove that extends from the right side of the broad end to the left of the apex. There are many veined patterns in the front of heart, judged it in this way: the major blood vessels were on the top half running down to the apex. There were four chambers in heart. The left and right atria were found. Left and right chambers are distinct and atria are upper than the ventricles. Also, the left chambers are bigger than right chamber. Blood vessels at the broad end of the heart were located. The coronary artery was found its position; the pulmonary artery was located by finger curving out of the right ventricle; and the aorta was located behind the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary veins were found at the top of the left atrium. The superior vena cava was found in top of right atrium. The coronary artery is under the groove on the front of the heart. The pulmonary artery on the right side, the aorta is behind the pulmonary artery both from the top. The diameters of holes are about 3cm. The pulmonary vein is in the left side and behind the superior vena cave. However, the inferior vena cava can not be found. Figure 2 and Figure 3 are shown the external structure (Xia, 2010). Procedure 2: Internal Anatomy (Lane, 2010a) Using scissors, the pulmonary artery was cut through. The wall of the right ventricle was cut down continually, parallel to the groove of coronary artery. It is easy to cut through and the wall of the right ventricle. The wall is about 1cm thin and very smooth. A finger was used to push open the heart, the dried blood inside the chambers was washed out. Many blood clots exist inside. The blood clots are dark and jellified. The muscular wall of right atrium was measured. The right ventricle was felt the thickness and its smooth textured lining. The muscular wall of the right atrium was measured, about 1cm. The wall is very smooth. Inferior vena cava was found in the internal right ventricle, and the lack of valves was noticed. Inferior vena cava in the inside chamber lower left, which locate in right ventricle, near apex. The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle was observed. The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle is thin and easy to break. It was not easily seen. The network of irregular muscular cords was noticed. The network of irregular muscular cords was found everywhere. The colour of them is pink and ropy. It is hard to destroy. The septum on the right side of the right ventricle was found. The septum on the right side of right ventricle is very thick about 1.5cm. Using a finger, the pulmonary artery was followed to locate the right ventricle. The pulmonary valve was found. The pulmonary valve is very thin about 1mm and not seen to be intact. Figure 3 is shown the right side of heart (Xia, 2010). Using scissors, the heart was cut on the outside of left atrium downward into the left ventricle cutting toward the apex to septum at the center groove. The heart was cleaned. The wall of the left atrium is about 2.5cm. The wall of the left ventricle is thicker, about 3 cm and hard to cut through. Jellified bloods were washed. Semi-lunar valves were found. Semi-lunar valves are consisting two valves, about 1mm and pink. Mitral valve was found. The two parts of valves were seen and about 1mm. The left ventricle was cut across toward the aorta, to expose any valves. The left ventricle is hard to cut because the wall is about 3cm. The aortic valve was found. The valve is consisted of three flaps, the shape as half-moon, about 1mm. Figure 5 is shown the left side of heart (Xia, 2010). Figure 6 is shown the internal anatomy (Xia, 2010) Result Figure 2 The Front View of Heart (Xia, 2010) Figure 3 The Rear View of Heart (Xia, 2010) Figure 4 The Right Side of Heart (Xia, 2010) Figure 5 The Left Side of Heart (Xia, 2010) Figure 6 The Internal Structure (Xia, 2010) All these figures are at the end of report in the appendix. Discussion Initially, because the structure of heart is unfamiliar, the process was done slowly, and many aspects are uncertain. In addition, before the experiment a picture of heart structure was found, during the experiment the picture was used to compare with the real heart so that identification can be more easily achieved to find structures position. However, the correct position of picture is different from position in the real heart. The reasons may the diagram is idealized, the real heart is empty and collapsed, structures lack colour contrast to distinguish. When the wall of left ventricle was cut, it is more difficult to sever than the right ventricle. During procedure 2, some muscular cords were cut and some places were undistinguishable. The wall of left ventricle is much thicker than right wall because the left ventricle did the major work. The handout suggested that watching the diastole and systole of the heart. However, this is a departed pig heart, thus, the phenomenon can not be seen. In addition, valves are very thin, when the heart is cut, valves are easily destroyed by mistake, such as the pulmonary valve is not seen to be intact. Conclusion During the experiment, the heart was examined, its external structure, each vessels characteristic and position was found and recognized. In the internal anatomy, different positions of valves were found. Dimensions of different parts of heart were measured: the size of heart, the pericardium, the diameter of vessels holes, the wall of the right ventricle and atrium, the wall of the left ventricle and atrium, the thickness of semi-lunar valves, the thickness of mitral valve, the thickness of aortic valve.