Emerging Issues in Tourism

Introduction Background of the study The tourism industry is one of the largest and most dynamic industries in the world that drives the economies of many countries. Generally, the industry has largest economic output compared to the agricultural, forestry, fishing, mining, and the communication industries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Emerging Issues in Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this regard, it has the highest growth rates and relatively high volumes of foreign currency. It has also recorded growth in terms of fresh administration and enlightening experiences in the last few decades. All these changes have made the industry to contribute positively to the economic, cultural and social development of many countries. This has been mostly experienced in western countries such as Austria, France, and Switzerland. Recent studies indicate that, the industry contributes to about 10% of the worldâ⠂¬â„¢s revenue, besides employing one out of ten workers in the world (Dwyer et al. 2003, p. 1). Despite many countries tending to consider the positive aspects of the industry, many studies indicate that it has both positive and negative effects on the economy, society, culture and the environment. The tourism industry has a range of economic effects. It has both primary and secondary benefits on many sectors. The primary effects of tourism are felt by the restaurants, lodgings, the retail trade, and the transportation sectors. On the other hand, the secondary effects affect the employment rates, incomes, and sales in many economic sectors of a country. For instance, in the 2000/01 tourism economic impact analysis in Australia, it is indicated that the industry created $ 23.3 billion in revenues for the New South Wales State. Of the total incomes, $ 6.4 billion were from the international visitors. In the same state, the industry employs about 5.3% of workers, besides being larger than the agricultural, electricity, Government Administration, and recreational industries among many more (Dwyer et al. 2003, p. 1). Generally, the industry leads to changes in prices, the quality and quantities of goods and services, and property taxes among other taxes. On the other hand, the negative economic effects of tourism are also numerous. Due to the economic interdependencies created by the industry, it influences the economic costs of the local communities in terms of tourism infrastructure, tourism businesses, congestion, and the increased taxes meant to generate more revenue for planning, growth and development of tourism. As with the economic activities, the tourism industry exerts many cultural effects on many communities. The cultural benefits of tourism are dependent on the native communities because their perception of tourism development will impact the way a community values and sustain its cultural activities or otherwise (Dwyer et al. 2003, p. 3).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Tourism development should encourage the development of the community’s existing characteristics instead of striving to attain standards of other tourism destinations. In this way, the industry contributes to development of a sense of cultural pride when visitors tour the local communities; create an interface for cultural exchange both internationally and locally in addition to creating awareness and generating funds for preservation, conservation and transmission of the local traditions and cultural identity. On the other hand, tourism can lead to unrestrained, untenable and massed activities that erode the cultural diversity of many communities. These include thrashing of privacy and interruption of the daily lives of the locals, which eventually lead to loss of cultural identities (Honey 2008, p. 23). Further, tourism can influence the socia l activities and relations of many communities in different ways. The social benefits of tourism arise from those activities that promote understanding, appreciation, awareness, tolerance, and learning among other activities. These activities include, promoting self-respect among the locals and visitors, limiting the cultural stereotypes and unconstructive perceptions amongst the two groups, and development of constructive attitudes towards one another, among other activities. However, tourism activities may give rise to many negative outcomes such as distrust, increased tension, and unfriendliness between the visitors and the local communities or between the local communities themselves (Honey 2008, p. 27). Another relatively important aspect of tourism involves its impact on the environment. This is because the interaction between tourism and the environment can be very complex. The perceived benefits of tourism include construction of aesthetic constructions such as airports, res orts, restaurants, shops, hotels, and other general infrastructure. On the other hand, tourism can affect the environment negatively when the level of environmental utilization exceeds its ability and sustainability. Therefore, the tourist activities can lead to pollution and depletion of natural resources such as water resources, energy, land, and food resources among others. However, with the emergence of ecotourism, there has been increased awareness on the importance of environmental conservation relative to tourism development (Buckley 2000, p.661). Sustainable or Eco/nature tourism involves responsible tourist activities in destinations that are easily destroyable, untouched and preserved so as to lower the impact of traditional tourism (Buckley 2000, p. 661). Through Ecotourism, the tourists are educated on the importance of conserving the environment in addition to providing funds for conservation of the local tourist destinations.Advertising We will write a custom essa y sample on Emerging Issues in Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay critically evaluates the emerging issues in sustainable tourism or eco/nature tourism in Sydney, Australia, which has proven to be one of the top ten most visited tourist destinations. It further looks at the problems facing the development of the tourism industry in addition to giving the most probable solutions to these problems. It also provides recommendations on the most probable ways of curtailing the rising barriers and issues in tourism development. Sustainable Tourism or Ecotourism in Sydney, Australia Sustainable tourism aims at promoting personal growth and education, local cultures, volunteering, and wilderness explorations through traveling to tourist destinations that are preserved and where the local heritage and cultures are the main focus of tourism development (Buckley 2000, p. 665). In this regard, sustainable tourism leads to reducti on of the negative impacts of traditional tourism, conservation, and transmission of the cultural identity of the natives. The initiatives of this form of tourism are undertaken by a variety of stakeholders notably, the hospitability providers, who are involved in the process of evaluating the ecological and cultural factors related to the tourism industry. In addition, the stakeholders are involved in other activities that are aimed at promoting waste recycling, energy efficiency in most of the tourism-related activities, and re-use of water (Barkin 2002, p. 245). Further, the industry is centered at creating economic environments that sustain the financial needs of the local communities affected by the tourist activities. Formulation and implementation of the policies of ecotourism are undertaken by professionals from a variety of fields such as marine biology, environmental sciences, historians, wildlife management, archaeology, and oceanography among others. Furthermore, the eco tourism sector is regarded as one of the most growing sectors within the tourism business making Sydney one of the fast growing green cities in the world. According to a study conducted by the World Tourism Organization (WTO), the ecotourism sector experiences a growth rate of 5% annually thereby, generating about 6% of the world revenues and about 11.4% of the total customer spending (Dwyer et al. 2003, p. 3). The significance of Sustainable Tourism in Sydney, Australia With the ever-changing and toughening environmental regulations and demands from both the government and the communities, there is the need to move from the conventional forms of tourism to a more sustainable form such as ecotourism. Besides, there is the need for the tourism industry to provide its consumers with avenues where they can benefit from and discover the innate, chronological, and the artistic attributes of various exceptional destinations. In addition, the industry will need to safeguard the integrity o f these unique destinations on top of promoting the economic growth and development of the local communities (Tuohino and Hynonen 2001, p. 21).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through making such observations, the city council of Sydney and the Australian government has developed programs such as Tourism Australia (TA), Indigenous Tourism Australia (ITA), and Business Events Australia (BEA), which aim at providing guidance and ground-breaking strategies for the sustainable development of ecotourism. Implementation of these programs has made Sydney the first city in Australia to achieve carbon neutrality. The programs draw professionals from many fields and sectors such as the tourism operators, state and government regulatory agencies, and the associations affiliated to the tourism industry. These professionals have come up with a strategic plan known as Sustainable Sydney 2030, which lays down the principles that should be enacted by the industry players in developing ecotourism, besides attracting huge numbers of foreign and local tourists (Discussion paper 2007, p. 1). The strategic plan recognizes the uniqueness of the local communities’ connec tion with the land to be used for tourism development, the history, and culture of the local communities. Therefore, there is the need to incorporate the city residents in planning for tourism development through involving them in mutual ventures, ownership of projects, and their active involvement in the implementation of policies (Discussion paper 2007, p. 2). This can be achieved through programs that encourage employment, training and involvement of the natives in the management of the tourism development projects. In the same line, it was imperative that the plan provided avenues whereby the residents could observe promote and preserve their cultural uniqueness and legacy in order to diversify the city’s tourism practices. Through this program, the future of the city residents is brought to the present in that, those affected by the tourist activities are given the opportunity to establish expertise, industry appreciativeness, and industry capacities for future economic development (Discussion paper 2007, p. 4). Furthermore, the plan is designed to provide equal benefits for the locals relative to visitors and other industry players. These benefits are considered in terms of social interactions meant to promote cross-cultural appreciation, tolerance and enlightenment. Finally, through incorporation of the city residents, committed partnerships, NGOs, the government agencies, and other stakeholders in the tourism industry, the program is projected to bear numerous benefits, in terms of promoting the welfare of the residents and the city in general. Therefore, it is important that the tourism industry respects and upholds the cultural, land, and environmental attributes of the tourist sites before implementing any plans on tourism development. Problems facing the Development of Ecotourism in Sydney, Australia Despite that the sector of ecotourism promises a variety of long term cultural, environmental and economic benefits, a number of activities per ceived to be problems affect the transformation from conventional tourism to ecotourism. For instance, the city of Sydney and most South Australian cities are facing numerous problems related to development and management of programs aimed at promoting the implementation of ecotourism policies among a host others. Some of these problems are related to the divergence in perceptions of the whole program (Discussion Paper 2002, p. 1). Many environmentalists are of the idea that ecotourism should involve programs that are nature-oriented, managed sustainably, conservation-based and environmentally sensitive. On the other hand, the government and other industry players are focused at the end product of the implemented policies thereby, making ecotourism equivalent to any other form of tourism such as conventional tourism. In that respect, ecotourism presents new negative effects relative to conventional tourism thereby slowing its development in many aspects. For instance, ecotourism is one of the fastest growing sectors in the tourism industry projecting a growth rate of about 10-15% per annum in most Australian cities (Discussion Paper 2002, p. 1). The standards that define this sector include its advocacy for low impact tourist activities, education-oriented, cultural and ecological sensitivity, and the equal distribution of resources between all industry players. Many of these standards are not fulfilled or they are totally ignored in some cases. Some of the negative effects of ecotourism include the mass displacement of people from their native land without compensation, violation of human rights, and increased environmental degradation associated with the increased number of tourist activities. A lot of capital and human resource is being wasted in the development of ecotourism, which has shown unsuccessful returns over the years. Additionally, other critics of the program have noted that a lot of public funds are being injected into campaigns meant to derail the general public from the negative outcomes and criticism linked to ecotourism (Wight 2009, p. 3). Furthermore, ecotourism contributes to a variety of environmental effects directly. In many parts of Sydney and the world where the ecotourism programs have been implemented, the conservation ideals associated to its operations have failed to take effect. Many critics argue that the operations have been more of consumer-based rather than environment-oriented. They further argue that the conservation claims are meant to encourage further economic gains (Discussion Paper 2002, p.2). Some of the problems cited in this case are those related to the increased number of visitors and activities that demand the expansion of the general infrastructure thereby leading to pollution and degradation of natural resources and population pressures. The increased number of people also leaves behind large quantities of garbage, besides consuming large quantities of non-renewable energy resources in f errying the ecotourists to various locations. The ecotourism activities also lead to disturbance of the flora and fauna of tourist sites in that the nature hikes created by the tourists are detrimental to the ecosystem. Therefore, Ecotourism just like conventional tourism leads to depletion of environmental resources, displacement of people, and disruption of cultures. Furthermore, ecotourism has suffered low city resident’s support and mismanagement in Sydney and many South Australian cities. In a study conducted to measure the level of acceptance for tourism activities in Sydney, many residents felt that tourism development could only be accepted if it was genuine and if it mirrored the local people’s values. The management of ecotourism is entrusted on the government, which like in any other environment-oriented projects has failed to implement the conservation ideals that are provided by the proponents and policies of ecotourism (Discussion Paper 2002, p. 3). Solut ions to the Problems facing the Development of Sustainable Tourism Since the implementation of ecotourism policies by key industry players have failed to uphold environmental conservation standards, there is the need to create regulatory and accreditation bodies to check the activities of ecotourism companies. The regulation and accreditation standards should be based on the need to categorize and discriminate companies on the basis of their commitment to sustaining and preserving the environment (Buckley 2000, p. 668). In this respect, the accreditation and regulatory agencies should be committed towards developing procedures that govern the regulatory process. The bodies need to draw membership from different fields such as the government, travel agencies, airlines, tour guide agencies, and local authorities among others. The criterion for assessment of the company’s conformity with the standards should be based on the environmental management plan in place, the accrued eco nomic benefits for the natives, the extent of community education and training, and the environmental impact created by the company. Other solutions to the problems identified include provision of guidance and educational programs to ecotourists and the local community at large. This can be achieved through considering the root causes of their activities on the environment such as littering and nature hikes. Finally, since most of the ecotourism projects are owned and run by large-scale international companies that cause many problems to the locals and the environment, there is the need to encourage development of small-scale, slow growth and local-based corporations to manage ecotourism activities (Barkin 2002, p. 248). The Suitability of the Proposed Solutions The above mentioned solutions and sustainability programs are suitable for addressing the existing problems. For instance, the accreditation and regulatory bodies will serve to control the level of activities of the global c ompanies owning business interests on the land owned by the locals. The education and guidance programs will in turn create awareness amongst the ecotourists on the importance of conserving the environments and sites that they visit in order to safeguard the interests of the local communities and the environment at large. Finally, through limitation of the activities of large-scale external or international corporations that engage in environmentally unsustainable activities, the local communities will be given an opportunity to safeguard their environment, besides obtaining benefits of tourism within their locales. Recommendations Ecotourism, as it can be noted from the above discussions is a crucial program/initiative that can benefit the local communities affected by tourist activities and the nation in general. However, it can lead to detrimental effects on the environment and the local communities if poorly implemented and mismanaged. Therefore, in order to ensure positive bene fits from the development of ecotourism, there is the need to develop and implement policies that work in line with the principles that underlie ecotourism. In line with the principles of ecotourism, it is hereby recommended that: The importance or the uniqueness of land and other natural resources to the local communities should come first in planning for ecotourism development projects. Project-planning should encourage the incorporation of the local communities in joint ventures, business ownership, and business management The local communities should be given the opportunity to establish their skills, industry know-how, and business opportunities relative to the development of ecotourism to allow for their future economic empowerment The importance of the environment to the natives and the nation should not be overlooked or ignored during the project-planning and implementation stages Summary and Conclusions The essay has provided an in-depth account of conventional tourism an d its impact on the economy, culture, society and the environment. As noted from the above discussions, tourism is one of the fastest growing industries in the world, accounting for most of the world revenues and employment when compared to other sectors such as agriculture, electricity, and mining. The economic positive impacts of tourism can be divided into primary benefits and secondary benefits. The primary benefits are felt directly by the hotels, restaurants, retail businesses, travel agencies among others. On the other hand, the secondary benefits go to the governments, local authorities, and other regulatory agencies in terms of taxes. However, tourism can also have negative impacts on the economy through increased taxes and costs that are incurred in developing businesses and general infrastructure to cater for the interests of tourists. The cultural impact of tourism can be both positive and negative in that it affects the culture of the local communities positively throug h preservation, conservation, and transmission of the cultural identity from one generation to another. On the other hand, tourism affects culture negatively through activities meant to attain international standards of catering, which erode the local cultural attributes. Further, tourism affects the society both positively and negatively. The positive benefits of tourism on the society include promotion of cross-cultural interactions, tolerance and self-respect amongst the visitors and the natives. However, tourism can also lead to hostility, aggression and distrust amongst the visitors and the natives. The environmental effects of tourism are numerous in that it contributes to construction of aesthetic general infrastructures, which also contributes to economic gains on one hand or negative effects on the other. The negative effects of tourism on the environment include pollution and degradation of the natural resources among others. Furthermore, the essay looks at the emerging is sues in sustainable tourism or ecotourism in the city of Sydney. Additionally, it looks at the significance of the sustainability of ecotourism in the city. Further discussions provide the barriers/problems that are facing the current development of ecotourism in Sydney and the world in general. In the same line, the possible solutions to these problems are provided in addition to evaluating their suitability in dealing with the current problems. From the discussions, it can be noted that ecotourism is a fast growing sector in the tourism industry, with the aim of providing aesthetic cultural and environmental features to visitors, while preserving the environment and the cultural identity of the locals, besides giving back to the community the benefits accrued from tourist activities on their land. Sydney has taken a foot forward in encouraging the sustainability of ecotourism through implementing strategic plans such as the Sustainable Sydney 2030, which is aimed at promoting and protecting local interests in tourism, in addition to ensuring that the greatest benefits obtained from tourist activities go to the city residents. Reference List Barkin, D. (2002) Ecotourism for sustainable regional development. Current Issues in  Tourism, 5(3), 245-253. Buckley, R. (2000) Research note: a framework for ecotourism. Annals of Tourism  Research, 21(3), 661-669. Dwyer et al. (2003) The New South Wales State tourism satellite account for 2000-01:  University of NSW, Australia Website. [online]. Web. Honey, M. (2008) Ecotourism and sustainable development: who owns paradise? 3rd  edition. Washington DC, Island Press. Indigenous Tourism Australia (2007) National Strategy for Indigenous Tourism 2007 –  2012. [online]. Indigenous Tourism Australia. Available from:  https://www.saplanningportal.sa.gov.au/ South Australian Tourism Commission Resource Centre (2002) Sustainable tourism  development in regional South Australia. [online]. South Australian Tourism Commission. Available from:  https://www.saplanningportal.sa.gov.au/ Tuohino and Hynonen, A. (2001) Ecotourism-imagery and reality: reflections and Wight, practices in Finnish rural tourism. Nordia Geographical Publications, 30(4), 21-34. Wright, P. A. (2009) Ecotourism, ethics or eco-sell. Journal of Travel Research, 31(3), 3-9. This essay on Emerging Issues in Tourism was written and submitted by user DargoKtor to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How does the director Steven Spielberg use filmic techniques to build suspense and tension for the audience in the film jaws Essays

How does the director Steven Spielberg use filmic techniques to build suspense and tension for the audience in the film jaws Essays How does the director Steven Spielberg use filmic techniques to build suspense and tension for the audience in the film jaws Essay How does the director Steven Spielberg use filmic techniques to build suspense and tension for the audience in the film jaws Essay Essay Topic: Jaws To Build a Fire Steven Spielberg is now recognised as one of Hollywoods leading directors; a filmmaker who expresses his identity over a body of films. However, when he directed Jaws in 1975 he didnt have the expansive film technology that he now carries. The film does, though, contain several important elements that would be eventually recognised as part of a Spielberg film. His work in creating suspense and tension is recognised by critics all over the world.The film was surrounded by hype; mainly due to the lack of order in financing the film after it ran over budget, but readers of Peter Benchleys novel JAWS were anticipating a blockbuster of their time. Whilst Spielberg stated that the film was tacky but marvellous it proved to be a benchmark in his passage into stardom, his use of tension techniques becoming a main element within a Spielberg film.The tagline Dont go into the water has been etched into cinema folklore and the dur dur theme tune can be heard in a variety of films, quite possibly making it one of the worlds most renowned theme tunes.The title sequence is an important element in the film JAWS with the dur dur theme tune being introduced. The point of view shot (POV) along with the dur dur theme music creates a fear factor that is prominent throughout the film. The sharks power is amplified right from the beginning. The camera, or the shark, increases its speed in conjunction with the music increasing in tempo, demonstrating the incredible speed that the shark is capable of moving. This early signal alerts viewers to the alarming power the shark possesses. This implements a tension that is long spanned in the viewers mindset.The film begins with a mid shot of a seemingly average teenage party with a strangely chilling diegetic harmonica. This may alert viewers to the factor that everything might not be as it seems. The only light sources are the moon and a blazing fire. Lack of light can build a strong tension due to strained visibility. Fire, although it can provide warmth and comfort, it is often used in the visualisation of hell, and the use of the fire could also be read as a warning signal of what is to come. Chrissie asks to go skinny dipping and the track shot follows Chrissie and Tom, attempting to get undressed but Tom seems to be struggling, this shows us that he may be a liability to Chrissies cause.When Chrissie gets into the water the long shot shows her insignificance and scale to water, telling us that there is no escape. The bells clang, reminiscent of bells at a funeral, the shot and sound combined creates a scary prospect considering the title of the film. The setting is the most obvious element of the suspense. The scene is set at night, the setting where the majority of most horror movies takes place, severely limiting both the characters and the audiences visibility. As we seek more as Chrissies life hangs in the balance, we are restricted, building a frantic suspense. While in the water, Chrissie is suddenly jerked around by an unseen force and then pulled under.A close up of the horrified girls face builds a tension because you dont know what it is that is yanking at her legs. Her screaming is frantic, her legs splash, the audiences know this is the worst thing she can do. We care about her life and as the suspense grows we worry more. The sound at this point is very loud for a long period of time as the tension builds as Chrissie eventually goes under the water. The silence that follows this will scare audiences; this theme is continued throughout the film. Silence is a tension similar to the other tactic employed by Spielberg; keeping the shark out of visibility. The phobia of the water is enforced during this scene, a long spanning tension employed by Spielberg.This first attack may leave the killer open for debate as you do not see the shark during the duration of Chrissies death. As the film continues you see more and more of the shark, this creates an aura of tension and suspense as be fore every attack audiences are unsure to how much they will be exposed to. Spielberg is increasing the films psychological impact. The audience is forced to imagine what the shark looks like, rather than be told.Music in the film JAWS is used to fulfil the genre, however, when Quint, Brody and Hooper are on the boat, adventure seeking music is used occasionally. Spielberg only uses the dur dur when the shark attacks, not as a red herring. The audience may feel trapped through even the slightest and most subtle use of sound. In the second attack more horrific variations on the shark ostinato alter the way the shark is perceived, however in the Ben Gardners Boat scene an evocative, ominous searching cue that features an alien, strange tone conveyed through ascending string notes, and flute triads give an eerie feel rather than a frantic one. Hints of the shark ostinato play throughout, finally climaxing in a huge synthesizer tone. These changes in sound all add to tension as they are different false alarming teqniques.The genre Thriller is sometimes defined by suspense and Spielbergs critical use of false alarms develop a firm grasp with audiences. The director picks his moments to strike.The second attack makes use of false alarms to build tension, after Chrissies death audiences are nervous as to when the shark will strike once more. This attack takes place in daylight and comes as a surprise to the people of Amnity Island; however, for audiences the tension is stronger due to the amount of people present. This signifies more danger and more chance of death. As Brody sits and examines the beach, false alarms occur to develop this pattern in the film. The yellow lilo is prominent in this scene as a shot of the lilo going out is concluded later in the film with a shot of a ripped up version of the lilo. Brody, alone, watches the beach, a man with a secret. His neighbours discuss various topics, and one of them comes to pester him about some parking hassles obst ructing the camera angle of the sea, this brings back the tension of sight difficulties.The frisson between the triviality of Amity life and the life-and-death struggle Brody is silently engaged and its unbearable for him to cope with. Theres the old man with the hat scene, a false-scare that serves as a small misdirect due to his strange likeness to a shark. There is some more suspense as a boy calls for his dog that is missing in the water. Along with a clever camera angle (shallow focus which sees everything blurred but the girl on shoulders) that makes a girl on a boys shoulders look menacing. Tension has been built as to when the shark will strike. As audiences are sucked in, Spielberg strikes. Young Alex Kinter is killed in very spectacular fashion, the shark seemed to come up from underneath him and cause a volcano of blood.A long shot of his climatic death provides the extravagant and disturbing suspense needed. This death makes use of shark POV shots from under the water. C hildren splashing and the scene with the yellow lilo are viewed from the sharks perspective, the splashing very reminiscent of Chrissies death. As the shark moves steadily underneath the children, tension is built as it lifts closer to certain individuals, unsure of who will become the next victim.Brody has now seen the shark in a dramatic zoom shot from the beach; his perspective has been altered along with the audience. The holiday date of 4th July suddenly seems to dawn on audiences. We know this is the perfect time for the shark to kill; the suspense every time someone goes near the water is torturous.The next attack sees two comedic characters attempt to catch the shark with a holiday roast. The suspense surrounding this attack is very strong after previous events. You fear for both the men. The shark takes the bait and heads out to sea, taking the end of the dock, and one of the men, with it. This moment makes use of the mid shot, making sure all significant factors are in the shot. The second the man goes into the water, we fear for his life, and we do not relax until his feet get out of the water, this tension has been built up through the fear of the water factor. Spielberg even lets the camera linger (low angle) on his feet scrambling over the collapsed dock, knowing that we are waiting for the shark to leap up and snatch the man away. We dont see the shark in this scene adding to the psychological barrier being built up between the shark and viewers. This build up of tension has been cancelled out by the man getting away; we are being lulled into a false sense of security.In these first attacks, Spielberg has established the water as the dividing line between safety and danger. Do not go into the water is firmly etched into viewers mindsets.When Hooper and Brody go out on Hoopers boat to investigate, Hooper gets into the water. The darkness is a suspense builder especially with a fairly timid flash light being the only source of light. As a POV shot of Hoopers movement edges closer to the boat, tension builds as an ostinato of music builds. Ben Gardners head emerges from the hull of the boat in the musics climax, a high point of climatic tension in the film JAWS.Spielberg has used a variety of camera teqniques to build such tension in the film Jaws. Long/distant shots of boats show the vulnerability of a boat to the sea, creating a tension that there is no escape. Tracking shots in the 2nd attack are used to create suspense and mid shots in the scenes with Quint, Brody and Hooper allow the audience to examine the scale of human to shark and the strength the shark possesses.The 4th of July Regatta arrives, amid great controversy. Thousands of people arrive at the Amity dock, but the first thing Spielberg shows us in this scene is a souvenir stand selling shark jawbones. This is a tension that is built after we are shown that they are selling their worst fear as souvenirs. Brody has an armada of deputies surrounding the swimming area, helicopters and walkie-talkies, all the security 20th-century technology can muster, the suspense is rising, and we think that something is going to happen.A midshot takes in the happy holiday swimmers but we know that in the water is danger, only being free and clear of it is safety. Brodys fear becomes our fear; we are in the exact same position, which is where Spielberg wants an audience to be. This mindset has been stemmed from tension built earlier in the film. There is the cardboard fin false alarm, and the panic on the beach as the swimmers pound in to safety. The cardboard fin false alarm gives the audience a sigh of relief after a build up of suspense. Our attention is on the beach and Spielberg now puts the camera in high angled fashion on the pond, the place for old ladies, where Brodys son Michael is boating. Michael now becomes the vulnerable person nearest the shark and the tension rises when an onlooker sees the shark before Michael. A track shot of Michaels mo ther running down the beach alerts us as to who is in danger. The shark swims right by Michael in an above the water shot, we expect him to be attacked; however, he is raised from the ocean and taken to hospital safely. The suspense is lowered briefly until another above the water shot moves speedily towards a man in the water. Despite the success of Michael, a man is killed with his leg bitten off. An underwater shot tracks the leg as it hits the ocean floor. The tension that had been brewing had climaxed with an element of gore.The shark is slowly exposed more and more, a tension technique that is used to impeccable effect, especially when Brody, Hooper and Quint go out on the boat. A close up shot from behind Brody shows him coming face to face with the shark. Brody is playing with some knots but Spielbergs timing is impeccable. The scene of Brody looking at the camera, building a suspense as the sea is in view, and griping about the knots, to him standing up stock-straight as he comprehends the monster, to him backing into the cabin to say Youre gonna need a bigger boat is excellent. The suspense is slowly built up, the camera never leaving Brodys face but allowing the audience to see the water.A long shot of the boat in front of a dark moonlit sky shows the possible insignificance or scale of boat to sea. We are beginning to see that there is no escape and the sharks intelligence combined with the size of the boat is a tension that Spielberg has cleverly placed. The three begin singing Show me the way to go home in a mid shot of Quint and Hooper, whilst banging on the table in joyous moods, productively adding to their own downfall as they cant hear the shark banging against the boat. The camera lingers on Quint, Brody and Hooper before flashing back to the damage being done by the shark, the tension increases because we yearn for them to notice it for their own safety. The boards bend inward and water spurts inside the hull, a low placed camera shot, pos sibly from the top of the stairs, shows the water level rising. Our breathing stops because the water is coming in the boat, and Spielberg has done such an excellent job, through tension, of establishing that the water itself is an object of dread. Seconds later, the shark rams the boat and Brody falls into the water portrayed from a low angled camera shot.A close up shot of Brody shows him trying to ring for help only for Quint to destroy it. This suspense is a reaction to the reality that the threesome will be deprived of the outside world. Now that the shark has decided to wreck the boat, a plan is announced (A mid shot in soft focus shows Brody and Hooper talking. Quint, who is blurred, stands at the helm of the boat, bringing the attention to Hooper and Brody) to lead him into shallow waters and drown him. Quint is visibly disappointed by this plan and proceeds to destroy the boats motor. A mid shot in deep focus shows Quint at the forefront of the boat, singing in a slightly i nsane manner. A background of Hooper and Brody in disbelief builds suspense because they look incapable of stopping Quint. We are worried as to what Quint is doing and the tension is built as the smoke intensifies. We are maybe waiting for the boat to explode in a time bomb fashion.Another high point of tension is the scene when Hooper goes in the water. A close up shot of Hooper sees him declare his plan with, Have you got any better ideas. A shot from above the metal container has Brody, Quint and Hooper featured, this being a very tension filled scene, you feel this is the climax. There is a short preparation montage where we get our reminder of the oxygen tanks. Going into the water builds a tension within audiences because we expect Hooper to die however, he goes into the water to prove his worth and fails miserably, hiding behind a rock. Various angles are used to portray different sides of the shark. A shot from underneath the container shows the shark tangling with the conta iner, suspense runs through this scene as we see the shark in full. Some POV shots show the power of the shark ramming into the metal, the tension rises as the metal bends more and more. A mid shot of both Hooper and the shark shows the size comparison and when Hooper loses his spike that was to be used to kill the shark the suspense raises to its climax and we think this is Hoopers end. A fairly long shot of Hooper swimming to the rock is a nerve wracking moment as we know the shark could appear at any moment.In another scene, following Hoopers attempts, the shark jumps into the boat; a parallel sound accompanies the shark. Quint wants to kill the shark but falls steadily towards the gaping hole of the sharks mouth. Reverting shots of Quint and Brody show the contrasts and Brodys incapability to save Quint. The close up shot of just Quints legs struggling to avoid his end creates a massive tension as we await his legs to be bitten. A mid shot from behind Quint features the sharks m outh and Quint struggling to get away from the sharks mouth; the variety of shots show different angles that build tension. It seems to take for ages for Quint to die, the tension increasing per second. This is coupled with the loudness increasing ostinato that accompanies this scene. None diegetic sounds with a frantic feel add to the audiences feelings of suspense. This could possibly be the highest moment of tension within the film.In the final scene, there is already a remaining tension from Quints death. The boat is sinking and Brody is alone. The music ostinato begins again and long shots of the shark build the tension as the shark moves towards the boat. Brody fuses Hoopers science with Quints rifle and prepares to kill the shark. A long shot shows Brody climbing up the mast before preparing to shoot. The suspense is building and you know this is the climax. Mid shots that involve Brody with the gun and the sharks fin moving closer build tension as we prepare for the shark to get to Brody. The sound loudness and speed of ostinato grows as the shark gets closer, another suspense builder.A close up of Brodys face shows his concentration as one of his shots goes wide. The boat continues to sink, portrayed with more long shots. A POV shot shows the shark getting closer and when the oxygen tanks are thrown into the mouth of the shark, this is were we see the sharks mouth in full. The tension is at a climax in this scene and Spielberg allows the ostinato to reach its finale before Brody, in a close up, fires a gun shot that hits the oxygen tank. A long shot shows the volcano of blood and skin that erupt into the air. The tension is killed after a slow rise throughout the film.A close up of Brody shows his exhaustion and excitement, as audiences we are relieved.This is the product of a build of tension created by music and camera shots. Spielberg uses building ostinato and misdirecting dur durs to build tension. The art of false alarms create suspense due to t heir misleading traits. The tension is also built through silence and not showing the shark, we are made to think.Spielberg has done a great job of creating a tension ridden masterpiece using camera and sound.

Nursing Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing Theories - Essay Example This is fundamental since nursing theories are derived from models comprised of the following components: the person or self, environment, health and nursing. These four metaparadigm concepts can be observed in all nursing models and forms the framework from which each theory as a whole functions (Rogers, 1989). This paper aims to evaluate the definitions of the concept of health and illness in two nursing theories namely, Margaret Newman's "Health as Expanding Consciousness" and Martha Roger's "Science of Unitary Human Beings." Margaret Newman's systems model recognizes the person as a comprehensive system. Within this system are constituent elements including the physiological factor, psychological factor, sociological factor, spiritual factor and developmental factor which according to her are in a complex interrelationship (Newman, 1992). With regards to health, Margaret Newman maintains that health is the manifestation of the realm of consciousness. Consciousness is defined as the capability of the human system to gather and process information regarding the self and the environment. However, according to Newman, consciousness is not limited to the cognitive and affective faculties that characterize the basic notion of consciousness but also includes the dynamism of the whole living system (Newman, 1997). The consciousness of the system, accord... "Science of Unitary Beings" by Martha Rogers Martha Rogers's system model considers the person or individual as a unit or unified whole which is constantly in direct interaction with the surrounding environment. According to her, health and illness are the products and manifestations of the human life process. She gives a scientific model for nursing that is based on concept of health as the systematic function of the physical body and illness as the state of dysfunction of the components of the human life processes (Rogers, 1975) Health is seen by Martha Rogers as the integration of the physicochemical properties of life that is constant interaction with the immediate environment which are also imminent in the energy fields inherent in the two areas. The energy field that constitutes the person's or the individual's complex systems are in direct contact with the energy field of the environment which may be assigned as the surrounding living and non-living forms. Therefore, the energy fields that is present in this larger system is made up of the living and the non-living forms of the person and the environment. The open mode of the person and environment energy fields promotes an interchange of energy between the two which leads to the kind of nature or state of the system classified into either health or illness (Rogers, 1989). Health Concepts Comparison and Analysis The main point of comparison between Newman's and Rogers' use of the concept of health in their respective theories arises in the nature and impact of the perception of constitution of the person. The first similarity lies in the consideration of the person's physical and

Recent new york history with short essay format questions Assignment

Recent new york history with short essay format questions - Assignment Example the inefficiencies within the governments, as well as introduced reform coalitions and invented â€Å"methods of mobilizing public opinion† through â€Å"muck racking, celebrity picket line, forcing of an official witness-calling investigation, launching of a referendum campaign,† and poring over the city planner or commission government’s outputs (Rodgers, â€Å"Atlantic Crossings† 52; Thelen 1885 qtd. in Rodgers, â€Å"In Search of Progressivism† 117). Progressivism caused a lot of civil-focused reforms via the amendment of the Constitution; these reforms covered or created the personal income tax, Federal Reserve, antitrust laws, immigration-restrictions and food regulation (Leonard 207). A significant highlight of progressivism in New York City is its participation in the reformation of prostitution in the Tammany Hall. A published report, which linked â€Å"Tammany Hall with police-protected brothels,† paved the way to â€Å"redefine† policies that caused the proliferation of prostitution (Engs 76). In an incumbent party’s view, the Progressives took its opportunity to strike whenever government inefficiencies are spotted. Exploiting government flaws through reform proposals is a foolproof idea to firmly root the Progressive Party in New York. The only drawback of this movement is the simultaneous reforms’ sustainable capacity; with all the reformation occurring, there may be not enough people to watch its effectivity. Consequently, feedback is not captured to be incorporated to reform-improvements. The fiscal crisis in New York consisted of the primary and secondary cause. While the primary cause is considered the root cause, the secondary causes were government responses to the primary cause. The primary cause was the â€Å"city’s exaggerated forecast of real estate revenue collections† (Fuchs 56). This forecast left the city with significant deficits. However, instead of cutting spending, the government resorted to short-term borrowing (Fuchs 56).

A Critique on Enlightenment philosophy Term Paper

A Critique on Enlightenment philosophy - Term Paper Example In fact the process of enlightenment transforms back into what it tries to separate itself from; the myth. Theodore W. Adorno (1903-1969) was a German philosopher, sociologist and musicologist. He is recognized mostly for his critical theory of society. His work is selected for this paper as the philosopher has published books specifically focusing and critiquing the concept of enlightenment. His notable works include Dialect of Enlightenment (1947) and Negative Dialects (1966). The works of other intellects used to justify the thesis includes names like Jay M. Bernstein. In his book Adorno: Disenchantment and Ethics (2001), he gives a comprehensive view of Adorno’s aesthetics and social theory. His work is used here to understand the Adorno’s critique of enlightenment in depth. Adorno’s critique of enlightenment is not about the European Enlightenment or a specific scientific thinking. It encompasses the generalized idea of enlightenment. This way there are two fields of knowledge (thinking); before enlightenment and after it. The knowledge that existed prior to enlightenment was based on faith, intangible and uncountable aspects like myth and magic. Enlightenment is thus the opposite of mythology; the process of disenchanting and demythologizing. Most of enlightenment theories exist to negate magic and myth. The mythical way in understanding the universe involves unforeseen forces or gods. What cannot be directly comprehended by mind is left to such forces. After all, if humans cannot grasp infinity, it does not mean that it doesn’t exist. Adorno and Horkheimer give extra weightage to transcendent content, which means that what is beyond the immediate thinking (knowledge) MUST be considered. Scientific thinking relies on comprehending everything. Thus there exists an inclination of ruling out what lies beyond the immediate truth. Enlightenment does not encourage imagination for imagination can

Investigating The Structure Of Pig Heart Physical Education Essay

Investigating The Structure Of Pig Heart Physical Education Essay Introduction There are three layers of the heart: the epicardium, myocardium and the endocardium. The heart, like a dual pump, which is to pump blood around the whole body, pick-up nutrients and oxygen, at the same time, helping eliminate deleterious wastes, such as carbon dioxide. Moreover, the heart consists of four chambers: two ventricles and two atria. The upper chambers are called atria while the lower chambers are called ventricles, they are separated by valves. Valves are one-way, see Figure 1(Lane, 2010b), hence, they play an important role in preventing the blood from flowing back. Figure 1 One Way Valve (Lane, 2010b) The left are right chambers are separated by muscular wall septum. Without this septum, blood from one chamber will be mixed up with the blood from another and be contaminated (Burnell, 2010). The ventricles have thicker muscles than the atria, they are strong enough to pump the blood out of the heart and circulate to other parts of the body.   Besides, the pressure applied on the left ventricle is greater. As a result, the walls of the left ventricle are the thickest among all the walls of chambers (Burnell, 2010). The coronary artery supply blood to heart muscles and oxygenated, it under the groove on the front the heart and it branches over the front (Lane, 2010b) The pulmonary artery can carry blood to lungs to incept oxygen. It is used to travel the short distance to lungs because large volume of blood can be passed through and oxygenated. The pulmonary artery locates d of curving out of the right ventricle (Lane, 2010b). Methodology Apparatus The material and apparatus used in the experiment: the fresh pig heart, dissecting pan, forceps, scalpels, scissors and gloves. Methods and Observations Procedure 1: External Structure (Lane, 2010a) The heart was washed and placed into a dissecting pan. The colour of heart is pink, white colour exist in the top (maybe this colour is from fatty) and with much dried blood. It can be held by two hands and approximately is 13 cm 10 cm 7 cm. The heart is about 0.25 kg. The pericardium was found a covering the membrane of heart. The pericardium was cut by a scalpel so that the pericardium could be observed. The myocardium was located below the pericardium. The pericardium is a strong membrane. Thus, it is difficult to remove this membrane. It is about 1mm and colourless. The apex was located and was pointing down. The apex is easy to find, it is pink and pointed. The front of the heart was recognized by a groove that extends from the right side of the broad end to the left of the apex. There are many veined patterns in the front of heart, judged it in this way: the major blood vessels were on the top half running down to the apex. There were four chambers in heart. The left and right atria were found. Left and right chambers are distinct and atria are upper than the ventricles. Also, the left chambers are bigger than right chamber. Blood vessels at the broad end of the heart were located. The coronary artery was found its position; the pulmonary artery was located by finger curving out of the right ventricle; and the aorta was located behind the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary veins were found at the top of the left atrium. The superior vena cava was found in top of right atrium. The coronary artery is under the groove on the front of the heart. The pulmonary artery on the right side, the aorta is behind the pulmonary artery both from the top. The diameters of holes are about 3cm. The pulmonary vein is in the left side and behind the superior vena cave. However, the inferior vena cava can not be found. Figure 2 and Figure 3 are shown the external structure (Xia, 2010). Procedure 2: Internal Anatomy (Lane, 2010a) Using scissors, the pulmonary artery was cut through. The wall of the right ventricle was cut down continually, parallel to the groove of coronary artery. It is easy to cut through and the wall of the right ventricle. The wall is about 1cm thin and very smooth. A finger was used to push open the heart, the dried blood inside the chambers was washed out. Many blood clots exist inside. The blood clots are dark and jellified. The muscular wall of right atrium was measured. The right ventricle was felt the thickness and its smooth textured lining. The muscular wall of the right atrium was measured, about 1cm. The wall is very smooth. Inferior vena cava was found in the internal right ventricle, and the lack of valves was noticed. Inferior vena cava in the inside chamber lower left, which locate in right ventricle, near apex. The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle was observed. The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle is thin and easy to break. It was not easily seen. The network of irregular muscular cords was noticed. The network of irregular muscular cords was found everywhere. The colour of them is pink and ropy. It is hard to destroy. The septum on the right side of the right ventricle was found. The septum on the right side of right ventricle is very thick about 1.5cm. Using a finger, the pulmonary artery was followed to locate the right ventricle. The pulmonary valve was found. The pulmonary valve is very thin about 1mm and not seen to be intact. Figure 3 is shown the right side of heart (Xia, 2010). Using scissors, the heart was cut on the outside of left atrium downward into the left ventricle cutting toward the apex to septum at the center groove. The heart was cleaned. The wall of the left atrium is about 2.5cm. The wall of the left ventricle is thicker, about 3 cm and hard to cut through. Jellified bloods were washed. Semi-lunar valves were found. Semi-lunar valves are consisting two valves, about 1mm and pink. Mitral valve was found. The two parts of valves were seen and about 1mm. The left ventricle was cut across toward the aorta, to expose any valves. The left ventricle is hard to cut because the wall is about 3cm. The aortic valve was found. The valve is consisted of three flaps, the shape as half-moon, about 1mm. Figure 5 is shown the left side of heart (Xia, 2010). Figure 6 is shown the internal anatomy (Xia, 2010) Result Figure 2 The Front View of Heart (Xia, 2010) Figure 3 The Rear View of Heart (Xia, 2010) Figure 4 The Right Side of Heart (Xia, 2010) Figure 5 The Left Side of Heart (Xia, 2010) Figure 6 The Internal Structure (Xia, 2010) All these figures are at the end of report in the appendix. Discussion Initially, because the structure of heart is unfamiliar, the process was done slowly, and many aspects are uncertain. In addition, before the experiment a picture of heart structure was found, during the experiment the picture was used to compare with the real heart so that identification can be more easily achieved to find structures position. However, the correct position of picture is different from position in the real heart. The reasons may the diagram is idealized, the real heart is empty and collapsed, structures lack colour contrast to distinguish. When the wall of left ventricle was cut, it is more difficult to sever than the right ventricle. During procedure 2, some muscular cords were cut and some places were undistinguishable. The wall of left ventricle is much thicker than right wall because the left ventricle did the major work. The handout suggested that watching the diastole and systole of the heart. However, this is a departed pig heart, thus, the phenomenon can not be seen. In addition, valves are very thin, when the heart is cut, valves are easily destroyed by mistake, such as the pulmonary valve is not seen to be intact. Conclusion During the experiment, the heart was examined, its external structure, each vessels characteristic and position was found and recognized. In the internal anatomy, different positions of valves were found. Dimensions of different parts of heart were measured: the size of heart, the pericardium, the diameter of vessels holes, the wall of the right ventricle and atrium, the wall of the left ventricle and atrium, the thickness of semi-lunar valves, the thickness of mitral valve, the thickness of aortic valve.

Moving Beyond ADHD Essay -- Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder

Moving Beyond ADHD Friends are the family you choose. As a teenager, when it is hard to relate to your parents, friends become the day-to-day emotional support that everyone wants and needs. I suppose the search for a group of friends with whom you can share yourself completely is one of the "struggles of adolescence." Disabled or not, this can be one of the toughest struggles of young adulthood. Having Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has always complicated this for me. The symptoms of ADHD have been described as disconnection between impulses and the knowledge of consequences. That separation permits impulses to be acted upon even with the awareness that those impulses have repercussions. In elementary school, I was "too hyperactive" to be admitted into the Boy Scouts and spent more time with an ignorant and intolerant principal than with my classmates. Although I had one best friend, Kelli, and a miraculous second grade teacher, Mrs. Shapiro, who through a combination of Pizza Hut coupons and gold stars, got me to read books, I sp...

Comparison of Novel and Film Adaption and Philip K. Dick’s Criticisms

Philip K. dick’s criticisms about the film adaption ‘Blade runner’ have been justified by the differences that have been shown. The theme of empathy throughout both texts has been shown through two different characters causing the effect to change. Rick Deckard has the hero sort of sign through human’s eyes throughout the novel whereas Roy Batty has the hero symbol in a replicants eyes throughout the film. The motivation for Deckard in the novel is to buy a real animal, playing on his want and needs, which is also a sign of empathy.Having this motive shows the selfish side of people and questions whether or not someone actually needs an animal to be happy. The idea is put across that killing for an animal (even if it is just killing an android) to be alright. Throughout the novel we watch Deckard’s development. Having only a glimpse of this development in the film adaption shown, the viewer won’t really understand that Deckard goes through a c hange. Ridley Scott has used a different way to put across the empathy by using a different character that was only a small part in the novel.Batty has been given the motive to find a way to live longer and be able to become more human. Batty became the super human figure with more intelligence and strength. However Dick wrote that androids died way before they could even begin to comprehend emotions, making sure they were as robotic as possible. Electric animals were just a little way from the bottom of the social ladder and having a real one puts you higher. Being able to take care of an animal shows the empathy that a human is able to have and not an android.The film adaption doesn’t revolve empathy around the animals like the novel does. A glimpse is seen through the wolf howls that Baty cries at the point when he feels so much pain and loss, again showing empathy through a replicant. Dick had that androids shut down at the moment they feel threatened towards their lives. Scott turns that around in the film adaption and has them fight back as shown with Pris as well as Baty. The minor characters in the novel have been taken out for the film adaption so this does change parts of the story.The novels characters contrasted with each other. Deckard had Iran to contrast with himself; he wanted to have an animal to keep his life meaningful whereas she had already given up. Irmgard shows the more gentle side of an android in contrast to Pris who is curious about how life works is still more violent to figuring it out â€Å"Restraining the spider with the edge of her hand. She was smiling. † This insinuates that she feeling some sort of emotion whether it be that it’s just that she trying to fake an emotion or she’s being sadistic.Having some of these contrasts cut out for the film adaption it’s hard to see what the character’s main intention is until later on in the film. Dick’s criticisms are justified in the way that the main parts of his story have been cut out. Some of the scenes make or break certain characters and not having them in the film adaption slows the story down in how it has been told. Characters even if they are minor are still relevant to the story and are used to put the point across. The film adaption does give a different point and is less straight forward than what Dick wrote ‘Do androids dream of electric sheep? ’

Free Essays on Homlessness In America

The United States of America is often referred to as â€Å"the land of the free† or â€Å"the greatest country in the world.† But for people who actually live here and see tens of thousands of men, women, and children walking the streets everyday with no home to go to, it is hard to believe that people could even categorized this country with a name so impressive. I agree that homelessness is not a problem just of the United States it is one of the world and we must work together to find a way to solve it. (1) In many ways, homelessness represents a new social problem. Excluding during the time of the Great Depression, women and children have never before been on our nation’s streets in such significant numbers. During the 1980s, cutbacks in government benefits attached with rapidly increasing rents and a scarcity of low-income housing jeopardized the stability of all people on reduced or fixed incomes. As a result, the nation’s population of homeless families swelled from almost minor numbers to nearly 1.4 million. In the United States, 3.5 million people experience homelessness during the course of a year. Families are the fastest growing segment of the homeless population, accounting for almost 40 percent of the nation’s homeless. (3) What still confounds many Americans, however is why homeless appears to have become an unchallengeable socio-economic condition in this nation, such that our children may not know an America without it. Most of us can agree that Ameri ca has a strong economy, jobs are available so why doesn’t the â€Å"American Dream† work for everybody? (8) As easy as it seems it is also frustrating that our political leaders in both the White House and Congress have shifted away from the need to address the systematic causes of homelessness and focus nearsightedly and simplistically on the individual responsibility of those who become homeless for the misfortune deemed to be of their own making. It is this nai... Free Essays on Homlessness In America Free Essays on Homlessness In America The United States of America is often referred to as â€Å"the land of the free† or â€Å"the greatest country in the world.† But for people who actually live here and see tens of thousands of men, women, and children walking the streets everyday with no home to go to, it is hard to believe that people could even categorized this country with a name so impressive. I agree that homelessness is not a problem just of the United States it is one of the world and we must work together to find a way to solve it. (1) In many ways, homelessness represents a new social problem. Excluding during the time of the Great Depression, women and children have never before been on our nation’s streets in such significant numbers. During the 1980s, cutbacks in government benefits attached with rapidly increasing rents and a scarcity of low-income housing jeopardized the stability of all people on reduced or fixed incomes. As a result, the nation’s population of homeless families swelled from almost minor numbers to nearly 1.4 million. In the United States, 3.5 million people experience homelessness during the course of a year. Families are the fastest growing segment of the homeless population, accounting for almost 40 percent of the nation’s homeless. (3) What still confounds many Americans, however is why homeless appears to have become an unchallengeable socio-economic condition in this nation, such that our children may not know an America without it. Most of us can agree that Ameri ca has a strong economy, jobs are available so why doesn’t the â€Å"American Dream† work for everybody? (8) As easy as it seems it is also frustrating that our political leaders in both the White House and Congress have shifted away from the need to address the systematic causes of homelessness and focus nearsightedly and simplistically on the individual responsibility of those who become homeless for the misfortune deemed to be of their own making. It is this nai...

Transformations & Symmetry essays

Transformations & Symmetry essays What is transformation? Transformation is a one-to-one function from one plane on to another plane or to a different area on the same plane. A transformation describes a change in appearance of points in a plane. It is a transfer from the pre-image to the image. There are many types of transformations that I will be describing. The first type of transformation is known as a reflection. A reflection maps each point from one plane and creates it on another plane in the same manner and order. One of the main characteristics of reflection is reverse orientation. This means that whatever order the points were in, they transformed to be the opposite. This concept is the same as when you look into a mirror, all the points are reversed. Another type of transformation is known as translation. A translation is a transformation formed by the composition of two reflections in which the lines of the reflection are parallel. According to my understanding of this concept, in order to have the lines parallel, the figures must be placed side by side. In this type of transformation the orientation of the figure is changed but then changed back. The first reflection reverses the orientation, then the second reflection reverses it back to the way it first was. When you have more than one transformation of one figure you are then, performing a composition of transformations. The third type of translation is called a rotation. A rotation is a transformation formed by the composition of two reflections in which the lines of reflection intersect. This is accomplished by using two reflections or a composition. The concept of this transformation is that it is reflected at an angle, therefore causing the perpendicular lines to intersect at a single Another type of transformation is known as a dilation. A dilation is kn ...

Reaction paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Reaction paper - Assignment Example However, through these articles, we see that the Jews, indeed, are very cunning and very persistent when it comes to getting what they want. This is because the whole Jewish-German affair stemmed from the fact that the Jews just wanted to go to Palestine. Because of this want, the powerful Jews made pacts with countries like Britain and the US to quash Germany. Germany has been taking care of the Jews who sought refuge from the Communists but the Jews just threw it all away and decided to play with fire by making themselves allies of Germany’s enemies. This basically made them traitors to the country that took care of them and made them rich. They say that the first bullet of the World War II was fired when the Jews boycotted German products. This halted the German economy and naturally debilitated Germany. This prompted Germany to mark the Jewish stores and houses with swastikas, and this has been the common icon of discrimination in pop culture then talking about the start of the World War II. What the rest of the world do not know is that this marking of the houses was just a retaliation because, naturally as a German, you also would not buy from the Jews because they were deliberately crippling the economy. It was an act of self-defense. The articles also shed some light about the Jews that were in constant communication with the German officials. The Zionists were lobbying themselves to be transferred to Palestine. As said earlier, they contacted the British too. They were very cunning negotiators. This sort of explains why they are very powerful even if they are small in number. They can actually manipulate people around them with their power. The articles do not exactly pain a good picture of the Jews because they appear scheming and unfair. These articles put Germany in a good light because it explains the actions that

The Reasons for War in 1898 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Reasons for War in 1898 - Essay Example The vision of the United States as an Asian power originated in the post colonial period. The U.S. Exploring Expedition of 1838 described three great island nations in the Pacific. These ports, Pago Pago, Manilla, and Pearl Harbor initiated the vision of America's quest for a presence in the Pacific. In 1878 the United States acquired a naval base in Pago Pago through an agreement with Great Britain and Germany, and by the end of 1898 the U.S. government controlled all the above mentioned harbors.2Frederick Jackson Turner‘s analysis that liberty and individualism had depended on the existence of a moving frontier into contiguous land. Turner believed that an ever-expanding frontier was necessary for the growth of the nation. Stromberg contends that, "With the disappearance of the frontier in the 1890s, a substitute frontier had become necessary to preserve the American way of life"3. Foreign markets became the frontier that had been exhausted on the mainland. Using Turner's arg uments, proponents advocated looking beyond our shores for new frontiers and expanding markets.The vehicle to make large scale saltwater imperialism possible began with the publication of Alfred Thayer Mahan's 1890 book "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783". Mahan proposed the theory that great nations rode upon great naval power. As Mahan laid out in his book, "The motive, if any there be, which will give the United States a navy, is probably now quickening in the Central American Isthmus. Let us hope it will not come to the birth too late"4. Mahan's book was greeted with great acceptance and resulted in an appropriations bill to build a strong naval fleet in the 1890s. The naval appropriations act of 1890 was a strong endorsement of Mahan's philosophy and changed our naval approach from defensive to offensive. According to Musicant, "The battleships were a giant stride, as Tracy and his allies frankly admitted, toward creating a fighting fleet to seize command offen sively of the open sea and destroy the enemy in blue water"5. The new naval strategy would enable the coming decade to foment the beginnings of war and enable the interested factions to make a case for imperial expansion. By 1898, Cuba was central to our nation's attention and was the jumping off point to the war with Spain. Cuban rebels had been fighting for independence from Spain for 30 years. The main impetus for the rebellion was the unacceptable conditions in Cuba. In 1868, Cuban Nationalists fought a ten-year war that left the insurgents exhausted. Spain promised reforms, but most were never materialized and in 1895 the rebels staged a more concentrated effort for Cuban independence. The war from 1895-1898 would devastate Cuba, its economy, and its people. As Offner describes the devastation, "They sought to turn Cuba into an economic desert, thereby making the island unprofitable and convincing Spain to leave. Insurgents burned sugar cane fields and mills and destroyed railroads, telegraph lines, and other property"6. These atrocities would capture the attention